Engineering of 3D polymer network hydrogels for biomedical applications: a review (original) (raw)
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Recent Advances in Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric network, capable of entrapping substantial amounts of fluids. Hydrogels are formed due to physical or chemical cross-linking in different synthetic and natural polymers. Recently, hydrogels have been receiving much attention for biomedical applications due to their innate structure and compositional similarities to the extracellular matrix. Hydrogels fabricated from naturally derived materials provide an advantage for biomedical applications due to their innate cellular interactions and cellular-mediated biodegradation. Synthetic materials have the advantage of greater tunability when it comes to the properties of hydrogels. There has been considerable progress in recent years in addressing the clinical and pharmacological limitations of hydrogels for biomedical applications. The primary objective of this article is to review the classification of hydrogels based on their physical and chemical characteristics. It also reviews the technologie...
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Synthetic polymer hydrogels constitute a group of biomaterials, used in numerous biomedical disciplines, and are still developing for new promising applications. The aim of this study is to review information about well known and the newest hydrogels, show the importance of water uptake and cross-linking type and classify them in accordance with their chemical structure.
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Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer chains with three-dimensional (3D) network structures, which can absorb relatively large amounts of fluid. Because of the high water content, soft structure, and porosity of hydrogels, they closely resemble living tissues. Research in recent years shows that hydrogels have been applied in various fields, such as agriculture, biomaterials, the food industry, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Along with the underlying technology improvements of hydrogel development, hydrogels can be expected to be applied in more fields. Although not all hydrogels have good biodegradability and biocompatibility, such as synthetic hydrogels (polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol hydrogels, etc.), their biodegradability and biocompatibility can be adjusted by modification of their functional group or incorporation of natural polymers. Hence, scientists are still interested in the biomedical applications of hydrogels due to th...
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Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2011
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Arabian Journal of Chemistry , 2024
Hydrogels are three-dimensional structures that serve as substitutes for the extracellular matrix (ECM) and possess outstanding physicochemical and biochemical characteristics. They are gaining importance in regenerative medicine because of their similarity to the natural extracellular matrix in terms of moisture content and wound and tissue healing permeability. Tissue engineering advancements have resulted in the development of flexible hydrogels that mimic the dynamic characteristics of the ECM. Several approaches have been applied to produce hydrogels from biopolymers with enhanced functional and structural characteristics for different applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This review provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogel in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. We outline different types of hydrogels based on the physical and chemical crosslinking, fundamental properties, and their applications in TERM. This review article provided the recent literature on hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine within five years. Recent developments in biopolymer-based hydrogels for state-of-the-art tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been discussed, emphasizing their significant challenges and future perspectives.
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Hydrogels are crosslinked polymeric networks, which have the ability to hold water within the spaces available among the polymeric chains. The hydrogels have been used extensively in various biomedical applications, viz. drug delivery, cell carriers and/or entrapment, wound management and tissue engineering. Though far from extensive, this article has been devoted to study the common methods used for the characterization of the hydrogels and to review the range of applications of the same in health care.
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This article reviews the composition and synthesis of hydrogels, the character of their absorbed water, and permeation of solutes within their swollen matrices. The most important properties of hydrogels relevant to their biomedical applications are also identified, especially for use of hydrogels as drug and cell carriers, and as tissue engineering matrices.
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Exploration on hydrogel fibres concerning about smart based application in the medical sector has stimulated great interests for the last couple of years due to its wide range of purposes that include actuators, artificial adhesives, transplantable tissue organs, cell scaffolds, cell therapeutics, wound healing, cartilage or bone regeneration. Nevertheless, recently hydrogel fibre based biomaterials have drawn great concentration for use in a wide variety of biomedical applications like the sustained release of drugs. This is due to the fact that, hydrogel fibers are biocompatible and their similarity about physical properties is in relation with natural tissue. This review article prescribes about the application of hydrogels with diversified prospects in tissue engineering, wound care dressings, soft tissue recovery and plastic surgery. As the products of hydrogels are composed with a group of polymeric materials, the hydrophilic network structure makes them competent for holding an immense quantity of water in their three-dimensional polymer network structure. A wide-ranging application of these products in modern industrial and environmental areas has already taken into account to be of prime importance. Inevitably, natural hydrogels right is now gradually replaced by synthetic types due to their larger amount of water absorption capacity, durability alongside with wide ranges of raw chemical resources.
25th Anniversary Article: Rational Design and Applications of Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine
Advanced Materials, 2014
Hydrogels are three-dimensional (3D) networks consisting of hydrophilic polymer chains, which are crosslinked to form matrices with high water content (up to thousand of times their dry weight). [ 1 ] Due to their remarkable characteristics, including tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, high biocompatibility, versatility in fabrication, and similarity to native extracellular matrix (ECM), hydrogels have emerged as promising materials in the biomedical fi eld. [ 1-3 ] Signifi cant progress has been made in the synthesis and fabrication of hydrogels from both natural and synthetic sources for various applications; these include regenerative medicine, drug/gene delivery, stem cell and cancer research, and cell therapy. [ 4-6 ] Naturally-derived hydrogels, such as collagen, chitosan, hyaluronic acid (HA), alginate, gelatin, elastin, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin, are appealing for biological applications due to their cell signaling and cell-interactive properties, and biodegradability. [ 7 ] However, their limitations include low mechanical properties, inability to control their degradation and structure, and potential immunogenicity. On the other hand, synthetic hydrogels, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and polyacrylamide (PAM), possess controllable degradation and microstructure, generally show high mechanical properties, but lack biological moieties. [ 3,7 ] Due to the distinct properties of each of these hydrogel classes, gels that are based on the combination of natural and synthetic polymers have attracted signifi cant attention for biological and biomedical applications. [ 8 ] Various crosslinking approaches, including chemical and physical, have been employed to create polymer networks and preserve their 3D structures in aqueous environments. In physically crosslinked gels, physical interactions between polymer chains prevent dissociation of the hydrogel, while in chemically crosslinked gels, covalent bonds between polymer chains create stable hydrogels. Physically crosslinked hydrogels are formed through changes in environmental conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic interactions), hydrogen bonds, Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer-based materials with high water content and physical characteristics that resemble the native extracellular matrix. Because of their remarkable properties, hydrogel systems are used for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as three-dimensional (3D) matrices for tissue engineering, drug-delivery vehicles, composite biomaterials, and as injectable fi llers in minimally invasive surgeries. In addition, the rational design of hydrogels with controlled physical and biological properties can be used to modulate cellular functionality and tissue morphogenesis. Here, the development of advanced hydrogels with tunable physiochemical properties is highlighted, with particular emphasis on elastomeric, light-sensitive, composite, and shape-memory hydrogels. Emerging technologies developed over the past decade to control hydrogel architecture are also discussed and a number of potential applications and challenges in the utilization of hydrogels in regenerative medicine are reviewed. It is anticipated that the continued development of sophisticated hydrogels will result in clinical applications that will improve patient care and quality of life.