Leucocytic profile of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and treated with a combination of methanolic leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and diminazene diaceturate (original) (raw)
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Eastern Journal of …, 2009
An in vivo study was carried out to determine the anti-typanosomal effect of aqueous extracts of the bark of Azadiracta indica (neem) in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-infected mice. The extracts were orally administered ad libitum twenty four hours post-infection for three days to mice after dose determination and toxicity testing. The effect of the extracts in trypanosome-infected mice was monitored for 20 days by determining changes in the packed cell volume (PCV), parasitemia levels and survival rate. The bark extracts of the neem plant did not show any acute toxicity to the uninfected animals because no significant effect on weight and PCV was recorded. However, infection with T. b. rhodesiense led to a decrease in weight and PCV, the decrease being more in those animals that were given water only and low doses of plant extracts. The extracts produced a dosedependent effect at delaying onset of parasites appearance in circulation, decreasing level of parasitemia and PCV. Treatment with 1000 mg/kg of plant extract was comparable to and in some cases more effective than suramin, a known trypanocidal drug.
An aqueous extract of defatted leaves of Azadirachta indica was found to possess trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Column chromatography of the crude extract gave three fractions, I, II, and III, that eluted with ethylacetate/methanol, benzene/ methanol, and acetic acid/methanol, respectively. Of these extracts, only fraction III retained trypanocidal properties and cured mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Histopathological studies of the brains, livers, hearts, and spleens of the treated mice showed no cellular infiltrations. These findings are discussed in relation to trypanosome chemotherapy.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2010
Aim of the study: To determine the toxicity and anti-trypanosomal activity of the ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (Maliacea) stem bark, through in vivo and in vitro approach using Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Materials and methods: Graded concentrations (100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg/kg) of the crude stem bark ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica, Hochst ex. A. Dc. (Maliacea) was tested for acute toxicity in 35 out bred Swiss (Wister) adult albino rats of both sexes. Secondly, the in vitro activity in test tubes and in vivo activity of the extract in 30 out bred Swiss (Wister) adult albino rats against Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain NITR/14 (Federe) was evaluated in a graded dose manner. Results: The calculated intra-peritoneal LD 50 of the extract was 870 mg/kg and produced toxicity at high doses (>800 mg/kg). Graded concentrations of the ethanolic extract produced remarkable in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei within seconds of inoculation. It also suppressed the establishment of parasitaemia at 100 mg/kg when administered simultaneously with infection in vivo. Similarly, at 200 and 400 mg/kg, the extract administered at the onset of parasitaemia for 4 consecutive days reduced parasitaemia, modulated declined packed volume (PCV) changes by day 48 post-infection in vivo. Conclusion: The results confirm that the folkloric medicinal application of the extract of Azadirachta indica (Maliacea) has a pharmacological basis. Further investigation is however, needed to optimize the effectiveness of the extract.
Pharmacognosy Research, 2015
Introduction: The medicinal properties of Azadirachta indica have been harnessed for many years in the treatment of many diseases in both humans and animals. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five apparently healthy dogs weighing between 3 and 8 kg were randomly divided into five groups with five dogs in each group. Ameliorative effect of A. indica on erythrocyte antioxidant status and markers of oxidative stress were assessed. Liver and kidney function tests were also performed. Results: Pre-treatment with methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (MEAI) at different doses did not significantly alter the values of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in Trypanosoma brucei infection. Although, serum creatinine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg A. indica, after 2 weeks of T. brucei infection. However, the reduced glutathione (GSH) content of the erythrocyte increased significantly in animals pre-treated with 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of A. indica respectively. Markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide generated were higher in animals infected with T. brucei with no significant (P >0.05) difference compared to the values obtained in pre-treated animals. Pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of A. indica significantly (P < 0.05) decreased serum myeloperoxidase activity at 2 weeks post-infection with T. brucei. Conclusion: From this study, MEAI showed significant ability to attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation during experimental T. brucei infection.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2017
Background: Current chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis have become largely ineffective, necessitating the search for alternative compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro anti-trypanosomal activities of methanol extracts of parts of Azadirachta indica against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi and establish the in vivo efficacy of the most active extract. Materials and methods: Maceration of powdered leaves, stem bark and root bark of the plant in methanol afforded three extracts. In vitro assays were carried out with the extracts on the three trypanosome strains in 96-well microtitre plates at concentration ranges of 4000 - 1000μg/ml. The most active extract was assayed in vivo using Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infected Swiss albino mice at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. Melarsoprol and suramin served as positive controls. The infected untreated group served as the...
Comparative Clinical Pathology, 2012
This study investigated the erythrocytic profile of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and treated with a combination of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica and diminazene diaceturate (DDA). Acute toxicity study of the drug and extract combinations was carried; selection of the best drug and extract combinations was carried out using 54 rats of both sexes separated into nine groups. Three dose combinations were derived from the selection of the best drug and extract combinations used for the final study, viz: 7 mg/kg body weight (bw) DDA plus 125 mg/kg bw extract (group B), 3.5 mg/kg bw DDA plus 250 mg/kg bw extract (group C) and 1.8 mg/kg bw DDA plus 500 mg/kg bw extract (group D). The final study had, in addition to the three groups derived from the dose-response study, four other groups, viz: uninfected untreated negative control (group F), infected and treated with 3,000 mg/kg bw extract alone (group E), infected and treated with 7 mg/kg bw DDA alone (group A) and infected untreated positive control (group G). The parameters assessed were onset of parasitaemia (OP), level of parasitaemia (LOP), clearance of parasites posttreatment (COPPT), relapse of infection period (RIP), red blood cell counts (RBC) and packed cell volume (PCV). There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in OP between the groups. A day following treatment, the LOP of groups A, B and C was found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of group D (p<0.05) which in turn was lower (p<0.05) than that of group E and G, respectively. The mean LOP of group E was significantly (p<0.05) lower than group G (p<0.05) 2 days posttreatment, and this trend continued throughout the experimental period. Mean COPPT of group D was significantly (p<0.05) longer than that of groups A, C and B. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean COPPT among groups B, C and A. The mean RIP of group D was significantly shorter (p<0.05) than group C, and that of group C was significantly shorter (p<0.05) than group A. There was no relapse of infection in group B rats. Group B rats had significantly higher (p<0.05) PCV and RBC counts when compared to other infected groups. Group E rats had significantly higher (p<0.05) PCV and RBC counts when compared to group G rats. It was concluded that dose combination of 125 mg/kg bw extract plus 7 mg/kg bw DDA led to significant enhancement of erythrocytic profile and potentiation of diminazene in its trypanocidal activity. This combination therapy proved to be better than single therapy of DDA.
Trypanocidal potentials of Azadirachta indica seeds against Trypanosoma evansi
Veterinary Parasitology, 2011
The trypanocidal potentials of Azadirachta indica seeds methanolic extract (NSME) against Trypanosoma evansi was examined. In vitro studies with the NSME 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml immobilized the parasites within 3 min, 8 min and 14 min respectively. In vivo experiments in infected rats at various dosage with NSME expressed transient ability of clearing the parasites in the infected blood. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) separations of the NSME gave 4 fractions in toluene and ethyl acetate [1:0.25] solvent system on TLC of which only fraction 3 (F3) retained the trypanocidal properties which cleared the parasites in the infected rats for 14 days. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of NSF F3 revealed the presence of Azadirachtins A and B as active components. The NSF F3 manifested prophylactic potency at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day × 3/7. The packed cell volume (PCV) of the group administered 500 mg/kg/day × 3/7 NSF F3 and normal control (NC) had no significant difference. The NSF F3 also inhibited Phospholipase A 2 enzyme in a dose-dependent pattern.
Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae) is a tropical plant commonly used in western Nigeria for the treatment of malaria. Aqueous extract of leaves of Morinda lucida was investigated for anti trypanosomal activity, using albino rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The haematological effect of the extract was also studied. Five groups comprising eight rats per group were infected with T. brucei 3 brucei using 0.5ml of donor blood corresponding to 3.6 x10 parasites. Group 1 served as the control and received 10ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Group 2 received 3.2mg/kg body weight of diminazene aceturate (berenil®), while groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with 0.2ml of extract corresponding to 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight respectively, starting from 24hours post infection. Hematological parameters were determined after the rats th were sacrificed on 14 day post infection. There was a significant dose-dependent reduction (p < 0.05) in the parasite count with 5.5 observed in the d...