Clinical and Vaccine Immunology: 2010 Instructions to Authors (original) (raw)
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Infection & Immunity paper 2004
The 42-and 19-kDa C-terminal fragments of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1 42 and MSP-1 19 , respectively) are both promising blood-stage vaccine candidate antigens. At present, it is not clear which of the two antigens will be more suitable for inclusion in a cocktail malaria vaccine. In the present study, we expressed the two C-terminal fragments of Plasmodium vivax MSP-1 (PvMSP-1) in an Escherichia coli expression system and purified them by using a rapid two-step protocol. Both of the products were recognized by monoclonal antibodies against PvMSP-1 as well as by immune sera from several individuals exposed to P. vivax. We analyzed and compared the immunological responses to recombinant PvMSP-1 19 and PvMSP-1 42 in mice by using six different adjuvant formulations. Moderate to high antibody responses were observed with both of the antigens in different adjuvant formulations. Surprisingly, alum, which is generally considered to be a poor adjuvant for recombinant malaria antigens, was found to be as good an adjuvant as Montanide ISA 720, ASO2A, and other adjuvant formulations. Most adjuvant formulations induced high levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), followed by IgG3 and IgG2. Lymphocytes from animals in the PvMSP-1 42-and PvMSP-1 19immunized groups showed proliferative responses upon stimulation with the respective antigens, and high levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and gamma interferon were detected in the culture supernatants. Immunodepletion studies with sera from mice immunized with these two antigens showed that while immunization with PvMSP-1 42 does produce a PvMSP-1 19-specific response, a substantial portion is also focused on structures in PvMSP-1 42 not represented by the epidermal growth factor-like domains of PvMSP-1 19. These findings may have implications for the design of MSP-1-based vaccine constructs.
Immunology Review/Refresher with Einphasis on Vaccinology
American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings
Vaccinology involves the preparation and testing of vaccines, the animal's immune response to the vaccine and the outcome against a challenge. This area of veterinary medicine, which offers great promise, is misused, abused and often expected to cure the impossible. Unfortunately, there is no "magic bullet" and the myths of vaccinology outweigh the reality. Our understanding of the immune response has been greatly expanded in the last 10 years. Terms such as "danger signals" and "dendritic cells" were unknown in vaccinology until the last 5-6 years. In this vaccinology review, I will emphasize the primary immune response and its importance for setting up the long-term memory and duration of immunity.
Dermatologic Therapy, 2009
This article provides a review of immunology to enhance understanding of vaccine efficacy and use, and elaborates on the immune response to vaccination. The use of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases represents a tremendous accomplishment of biomedical science, especially considering the complex interplay of the immune system with innumerable pathogens. Vaccines have allowed for total eradication of one disease and have significantly reduced the incidence of other diseases. In order to have a successful vaccine-based eradication program, the infection must be limited to humans without an animal reservoir and only one or a few strains may exist in viral infection. These strains must have constant antigenic properties. A number of vaccine types exist, both traditional and innovative, and are described herein.
Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 1994
An understanding of the immune mechanisms of infectious diseases has contributed to our knowledge of how infectious agents cause disease in the human host. The interaction between the host and the pathogen involves specific events: the encounter, colonization, proliferation, invasion, evasion, intoxication, and destruction. Encounter The host encounters organisms from the external environment through inhalation, ingestion, penetration through the skin, or direct mucosal contact. Some organisms, such as parasites, can burrow through intact skin, but others can only penetrate through a break in the skin. Penetration into the host also may be achieved by the bite of an organism-laden insect (i.e., bacteria-Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease; viruses-Flavivrus in yellow fever; or protozoa-Trypanosoma in African sleeping sickness) or through an animal bite (i.e., viruses-rabies). The host also may encounter organisms that exist as normal flora within the host. Normal flora are microorganisms that colonize particular areas of the body, such as the skin and gastrointestinal, genitourinary,
The Influenza Virus–Specific CTL Immunodominance Hierarchy in Mice Is Determined by the Relative Frequency of High-Avidity T Cells, 2014
Virus-specific CTL responses typically fall into reproducible hierarchies with particular epitopes eliciting either immunodominant or subdominant responses after viral challenge. The recently acquired capacity to directly enumerate naive CTL precursors (CTLps) in both mice and humans has implicated CTLp frequency as a key predictor of immune response magnitude after Ag challenge. However, recent studies have indicated that naive CTLp frequencies do not necessarily predict the size of the Ag driven response, indicating an important role for differential CTLp recruitment and/or expansion. This study characterizes the early emergence of various influenza epitope-specific CTL responses at multiple sites in C57BL/6 mice, and probes the role of Ag dose and TCR avidity in dictating immune response hierarchies. Despite large naive CTLp numbers, subdominance was found to arise largely as a consequence of the abrupt and premature cessation of CTL proliferation, at least for one epitope specificity. Investigation into the possible drivers of the poor proliferation observed for subdominant specificities showed that the immunodominance hierarchy endured irrespective of epitope abundance, and correlated with the prevalence of high-avidity T cells in both the naive and immune compartments. Our study strongly indicates that the quality, and not simply the quantity, of antiviral CTLs dictate response magnitude.
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
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