Nanoparticles-tremendous therapeutic potential. A review (original) (raw)
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NANOPARTICLES AS A ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
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For the past few decades, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules.Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various types of drug molecules. They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the chosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects. Here, we review various aspects of nanoparticle formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes.
Recent advancements in nanoparticles drug delivery systems
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Nanoparticles in drug-delivery systems are generated by a variety of research survey. Unique physicochemical characteristics of nanostructured biomaterials include their very small and structural adaptability, high surface area to mass ratio, high reactivity, and controlled size. It enables molecularly focused cancer treatment, targeted administration of early detection of cancer lesions, early detection of cancer lesions, imaging agents, and anticancer medications, identification of tumor molecular factors by non-invasive imaging. These characteristics may be used in medicine to get around some of the drawbacks of conventional treatments. They are employed in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, limit drug access to the targeted areas, and deliver the drug to the site of action at a regulated and sustained pace. It reduces adverse side effects and enables more effective drug use. It must be active and therapeutically effective while in circulation and presen...
GLIMPSES OF CURRENT ADVANCES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THERAPEUTICS
Nanotechnology is the science that deals with the processes that occur at molecular level and of nanolength scale size. There are numerous examples from nature like DNA, water molecules, virus, red blood corpuscles (RBC) etc., which are of nanodimensions. Recent developments in nanotechnology offer researchers opportunities to significantly transform various therapeutics. This technology has enabled the manipulation of the biological and physicochemical properties of nanomaterial to facilitate more efficient drug targeting and delivery. The size of nanomaterial is similar to that of most biological molecules and structures; therefore, nanomaterial can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications. Clinical investigations suggest that therapeutic nanoparticles can enhance efficacy and reduced side effects compared with conventional therapeutic drugs. Nanotechnology is on its way to make a big impact in Biotech, Pharmaceutical and Medical diagnostics sciences. A dynamic collaboration is observed within the Researchers, Government, Pharmaceutical-Biomedical companies and educational institutions all over the world in developing the nanotechnology applications in advanced medicine and patient care.
Nanoscale Drug Delivery Technologies: Introduction and Recent Developments
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Nanoscale drug delivery systems are now proposed as an alternative to classical formulations for drug administration, delivery and targeting. For the past few decades, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules. Nanoscale technologies are beginning to change the foundations of disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention. They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the chosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects. Here, we review various approaches of nanoscale drug delivery system in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes. The article also reveals the concept of DNA nanotechnology as well as nanospore sequencing from nanomedicine.
Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery
Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 2009
Nanotechnology could be defined as the technology that has allowed for the control, manipulation, study, and manufacture of structures and devices in the "nanometer" size range. These nano-sized objects, e.g., "nanoparticles", take on novel properties and functions that differ markedly from those seen from items made of identical materials. The small size, customized surface, improved solubility, and multi-functionality of nanoparticles will continue to open many doors and create new biomedical applications. Indeed, the novel properties of nanoparticles offer the ability to interact with complex cellular functions in new ways. This rapidly growing field requires crossdisciplinary research and provides opportunities to design and develop multifunctional devices that can target, diagnose, and treat devastating diseases such as cancer. This article presents an overview of nanotechnology for the biologist and discusses the attributes of our novel XPclad © nanoparticle formulation that has shown efficacy in treating solid tumors, for single dose vaccination, and oral delivery of therapeutic proteins.
Nanoparticles: Emerging carriers for drug delivery
Journal of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 2011
The core objective of nanoparticles is to control and manipulate biomacromolecular constructs and supramolecular assemblies that are critical to living cells in order to improve the quality of human health. By definition, these constructs and assemblies are nanoscale and include entities such as drugs, proteins, DNA/RNA, viruses, cellular lipid bilayers, cellular receptor sites and antibody variable regions critical for immunology and are involved in events of nanoscale proportions. The emergence of such nanotherapeutics/diagnostics will allow a deeper understanding of human longevity and human ills that include cancer, cardiovascular disease and genetic disorders. A technology platform that provides a wide range of synthetic nanostructures that may be controlled as a function of size, shape and surface chemistry and scale to these nanotechnical dimensions will be a critical first step in developing appropriate tools and a scientific basis for understanding nanoparticles.
The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 2010
Taking advantage of the pH difference between an endosome and the cytosol (that of the endosome being lower by 1-2 units), it was proved that totally synthetic (exhibiting minimal antigenicity) pH-sensitive, membranedisrupting polymers such as poly(ethylacrylic acid) and poly(propylacrylic acid) significantly enhance in vivo transfections [1-3]. Their effect is based on the ability to disrupt membranes at the pH of the endosome but be non-lytic at pH 7.4. We have developed recently a new route to the preparation of poly(ethylacrylic acid) and poly(propylacrylic acid) nanoparticles based on the self-assembly mechanism of polymeric chains, i.e. via action of physical bonds [4,5]. Ideas behind this new route are reviewed together with the technical realization. Possible applications in drug delivery are discussed. We anticipate that these nanoparticles will also enable to utilize the EPR (Enhanced Permeability and Retention) effect in tumor tissues, meaning that certain sizes of large particles tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues. Nanoparticles have well controllable size, posses a mild acceptable degree of polydispersity, are stable over long periods of time (excellent shelf-life) and are stable in a broad range of salt concentrations including physiological. Nanoparticles have low density (loose and open internal structure) which is advantageous for loading with drugs. The developed self-assembly mechanism [4] is promising also with respect to the preparation of nanoparticles from other similar polymers.
Nanotechnology: A focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system
2006
This review will provide an in-depth discussion on the previous development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDS) and discuss original research data that includes the therapeutic enhancement of antiretroviral therapy. The use of nanoparticle DDS will allow practitioners to use drugs to target specific areas of the body. In the treatment of malignancies, the use of nanoparticles as a DDS is making measurable treatment impact. Medical imaging will also utilize DDS to illuminate tumors, the brain, or other cellular functions in the body. The utility of nanoparticle DDS to improve human health is potentially enormous.
Nano Medicine: An Emerging Trend in Molecular Delivery
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Nanobiopharmaceuticals has involved, understanding issues related to target specific drug delivery. Previously the traditional dosage forms showed a greater difficulty in achieving bioavailability and therapeutic index. So addition of various functionalities to nano size materials interfacing them into various biological molecules has improved the drug delivery. Integration of nanomedicinals with biotechnology has brought a radical change in the research field both in vivo and invitro. It has paved the way to new therapies, surgical interventions and advanced drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles as nanomedicines opens the potential for crossing various biological barriers within the body especially the potential to cross the blood brain barrier may open new ways for drug delivery into the brain. Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems can be designed to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of the drug. This manuscript has emphasized various nanobiopharmaceuticals in the field of cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, drug delivery, diagnostic devices, gene therapy and tissue engineering.
Recent Trends of Nanotechnology In Drug Delivery And Their Application-An Overview
Controlled drug delivery systems (DDS) have several advantages compared to the traditional dosage forms. From the last few decades, there has been a considerable research on the basis of Novel drug delivery system, using particulate drug delivery systems as such drug carriers for small and large molecules. Nanoparticles, Liposomes, Microspheres, Niosomes, Pronisomes, Ethosomes, and Pro-liposomes have been used as drug carrier in vesicle drug delivery system. Various polymers have been used in the formation of Nanocarriers. Nanocarriers are colloidal particulate systems with size ranging between 10-1000 nm. This are used for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of various diseases and physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of various types of drug molecules. Controlled and targeted delivery is one of the most valuable requirements from a carrier, which involves multidisciplinary site specific or targeted approach. Nanoparticulate drug delivery system may offer plenty of advantages over conventional dosage forms, which includes improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, enhanced biodistribution and improved patient compliance.