Brassicas and their Glucosinolate Content for the Biological Control of Root-knot Nematodes in Protected Cultivation (original) (raw)
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Trials on the Use of Brassica macrocarpa for the Control of Tomato Root-Knot Nematodes
Brassica macrocarpa contains a high concentration of glucosinolates, which after hydrolysis produce isothiocyanates with a chemical structure similar to the one of some soil fumigants. The paper reports the results of a series of experiments that suggest the possibility to control soil nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in cherry tomato crop by means of the application of Brassica macrocarpa dry biomass.
Brassica species are sources of bioactive compounds with several biological properties including biocidal activity against various soil borne pathogens and pests such as parasitic nematodes. Isothiocyanates derived from corresponding glucosinolates are major bioactive compounds responsible for this activity. In this study, glucosinolate content of red and white radish (Raphanus sativus L.), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), turnip (Brassica rapa L.) and Arugula (Eruca sativa L.) that were previously assessed for their host suitability level of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne incognita) were determined to understand the relationship between glucosinolate content and host-suitability level of these crops. The highest glucosinolate content was in radish. Turnip revealed lower levels compared to radish. However, the lowest glucosinolate content was determined in arugula and oilseed rape. Together with previous findings demonstrating host-suitability levels, the effect of glucosinolates on biocidal potential of Brassicaceae plants to fight against root-knot nematodes were evaluated.
Plant and Soil, 2011
The wild mustard (Brassica juncea L.), an invasive weed of winter crops in Brazil, was evaluated for glucosinolate content of its plant tissues and nematicidal activity of its dry leaf meal (LM), whole seed meal (WSM) and hexane defatted seed meal (DSM) against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Sinigrin was the major glucosinolate in LM, WSM and DSM, occurring at concentration of 0.11, 12.2 and 21.9 mg/gdw, respectively. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was the major degradation product and its concentration was highest in DSM followed by WSM and LM. The number of galls, egg masses and eggs on tomato plants was reduced by over 90% by amending soil with 1.6% LM, 0.2% WSM, or 0.05% DSM. Exposure to the volatiles from the amended soils reduced egg eclosion. The soil amendment with LM, WSM and DSM killed the second stage juveniles of M. javanica, M. enterolobii (=M. mayaguensis) and Heterodera glycines. The efficacy of the LM, WSM and DSM for nematode suppression was related to the amount of AITC released in soil. Keywords Allelochemicals . Isothiocyanate . Glucosinolate . Brassica juncea . Mustard meal . Rootknot nematode . Sinapis arvensis Czern. (Jham et al. 2009). Most plant species of Brassicaceae family contain glucosinolates (GLNs), Plant Soil (2011) 341:155-164
Nematode suppression with brassicaceous amendments: application based upon glucosinolate profiles
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004
Glucosinolate profiles differ among plant species and their isothiocyanate (ITC) derivatives differ in toxicity to nematodes. Successful management of plant -parasitic nematodes by ITCs requires the incorporation of appropriate amounts of glucosinolate-containing biomass. Plant materials, containing glucosinolate-precursors of the ITCs most toxic to nematodes, were selected and applied to soil based upon ITC lethal concentration (LC) values. This provided a reliable and repeatable basis for application rates for suppression of Meloidogyne javanica and Tylenchulus semipenetrans by Brassica hirta and M. javanica by B. juncea. Sufficient biomass of B. hirta to potentially yield 0.03 -0.12 mmol ml 21 of glucotropeolin reduced nematode survival compared to similar amounts of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis). At biomass levels providing . 0.37 mmol ml 21 of glucotropeolin, mortality of M. javanica was 100% with B. hirta. Biomass of B. juncea potentially yielding 2.82 mmol ml 21 of sinigrin reduced M. javanica survival 65% below that obtained by a similar amount of broccoli. Rates of B. juncea to yield lethal levels of allyl ITC to reduce T. semipenetrans survival underestimated the glucosinolate application rates for this amendment. Application of plant biomass to soil .2.9% w/w reduced M. javanica survival regardless of the glucosinolate concentration of the amendment material. Application of brassicaceous amendments to soil initiates complex and dynamic biological and chemical processes. Despite the inherent complexity, we find that brassicaceous amendments can be applied to achieve consistent and repeatable nematode suppression when based upon the chemistry of the incorporated material. q (I.A. Zasada).
The effectiveness of two plant-derived formulations for the control of the root-knot Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitw. was evaluated in a protected tomato crop in Southern Italy. A neem oil-based formulation and a commercial mixture of aqueous extracts of Quillaja saponaria Molina (80%), Yucca schidigera Roezl (10%) and Tagetes spp. (10%) were tested in comparison with the standard chemical oxamyl and an untreated control. All tested formulations significantly decreased soil nematode population and average root galling compared to the untreated control. However, nematode infestation was found significantly lower in plots treated with oxamyl or neem formulation than in those treated with quillay-based product. Tomato yield did not significantly differ among treatments. Satisfactory yield obtained by quillay-based product appears to be caused by the biostimulating effect of quillay extract on tomato plants.
Redia
Tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetable cropin the world. Various obstacles are existingwith this cropcultivation, among them root knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognitarecognized as a major path-ogen of tomato. The complete elimination of M. incognitafromthe soil is very difficult because of its polyphagous nature. Although,different methods are employed to manage this nematode, however, biological control has become a good alternative to the chemical nematicides. Antagonistic microorganisms are appropriate for controlling nematodes still require progressive investigation. Hence,present study on the biologicalactivity of the different concentrations of mixer of crude secondary metabolitesof the various fungal bioagents againston egg hatching, M. incognita(J2) mortal-ity in vitro as well asin planta were evaluated. Plant growth promoting activities were also recorded. Among the tested fungal bioagentsV. lecanii, F. chlamydosporum andA. niger were found pr...
2012
A glasshouse experiment to control RKN (Meloidogyne javanica) on tomato with aqueous extracts of marigold (Tagetes erecta) leaves and flowers, castor beans (Ricinus communis) and garlic (Allium sativum) was conducted from March to May 2011 in Harare. The plant material was dried and pulverized and diluted with water at a rate of 25g/100ml. Four-week old seedlings were planted in twenty micro plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replicates. Approximately 5000 J2 nematodes were pipetted onto each plant. The botanicals were drenched around each plant. Nemacur® and non-amended plots served as control. Data collection was done fortnightly. Results showed that tomato is susceptible to RKN infestation and the application of botanicals significantly (P < 0.001) controls RKN by reducing galling and reproduction. While the botanicals were also effective in reducing galls, further tests will establish optimum concentrations.
Efficacy of Brassica Tissue and Chalim TM on Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
2013
Nematodes, as parasite, contributes to a high loses in crops. Brassica species produce general biocides called glucosinol ates which are nematocidal. Chalim TM (Calcium hypochlorite) is a chemical biofumigant. The study was carried out in three seasons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Brassica tissue and Chalim TM in the management of root knot nematodes. The effect on plant parasitic nematode ( PPN) populations was determined in the 24 plots upo n soil sampling. Data was then taken and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that nematode loads reduce d significantly using Chalim TM 303.75 g and Brassica extract 5292 g compared to the control. The findin gs revealed that the population of plant parasitic nematode varied significantly (P 0.05) in RKN, Filenchus and Tylenchulus species. Brassica tissue improved moisture content and reduced PPN population at higher rates of applicati on.