Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): World's Past Experience on Deadly Outbreaks (original) (raw)

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A Novel Pandemic Disease

Vol.3, No.2, 2020

Coronaviridae is a viral family that includes a large number of viruses that cause diseases in animals and human. The human diseases ranged from mild common cold to severe lower respiratory infections.

The origin of novel coronavirus: COVID-19

2020

The new respiratory disease frequently observed are zoonoses exhibiting positive-stranded RNA viruses called Coronaviruses (CoVs). These groups of the virus are having origin from non-human species such as bats, cows and birds. The transmission of the virus to humans is reported to cause severe acute respiratory infection from cough to pneumonia. The mortality rate is increased from its origin from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) to newly developed COVID-19. The following review states that the SARS, MERS to newly developed COVID-19 are generally types of coronavirus. The mode of infection and symptoms exhibited by all the corona types are nearly the same but with the difference in its virulence.

A case of 2019-nCoV novel coronavirus outbreak

Researches and Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Mitigate Pandemics, 2021

This chapter reconnoiters various types of coronaviruses that cause zoonotic infection. Coronaviruses affecting the human population are known as human coronaviruses. Numerous coronaviruses exist that cause mild to severe ailments and fatalities, infection in the upper respiratory tract (URTI), acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome with varying degrees of severity may cause serious viral pneumonia, leading to hospitalization and death. SARS-CoV, transpired from China in late 2019, spread exponentially across the globe. World Health Organization stated this situation as a health emergency on March 11, 2020, and hence it was named as COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 has affected health and economy around the world on an unprecedented scale. It is having a devastating effect on education, jobs, employment, domestic life, and the well-being of kids, youth, and elderly inhabitants. The incubation period for coronavirus disease is 2–14 days. Infected people have d...

The New Emerging Disease COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews

COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is a new type of disease caused by a virus from the coronavirus group, namely the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 can cause respiratory system disorders, ranging from mild symptoms such as flu to lung infections, such as pneumonia. Coronaviruses are single-stranded and positive-chain RNA viruses with a particle size of 120-160 nm. This virus in humans attacks the respiratory tract, especially in the cells lining the alveoli. This virus mainly infects animals, including bats and camels.

Corona Virus Disease 19, the Large-Scale Corona Virus Pandemic

Vaccines & Vaccination Open Access

Corona viruses are enveloped viruses possessing a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome and a capsid with helical symmetry. These viruses have the largest genome (26 to 32 kilobases) among RNA viruses. These viruses were termed Corona virus due to their crown-like morphology under electron microscope. Corona viruses infect humans, other mammals, and birds and can cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases as well as kidney and cardiac problems. So far, seven species of corona viruses are known to cause human disease. Most human corona virus diseases had a zoonotic origin. The four human corona virus (HCoV)-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 are endemic and prevalent. Other human corona viruses include severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV), and the newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that are highly transmissible and pathogenic in humans. HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea, while SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause severe lower respiratory tract infection with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress as well as extra-pulmonary symptoms. SARS firstly appeared in 2002 and MERS in 2012. SARS-CoV is an animal virus from an animal reservoir, especially bats, that spread to civet cats and firstly infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002. SARS patients experience fever, dry cough, dyspnea (labored breathing), headache, and hypoxemia. Progressive respiratory failure due to alveolar damage can result in death in some patient (3,9). The first case of MERS, also known as camel flu, was reported from Saudi Arabia in June 2012 in a patient with severe respiratory illness and acute kidney injury. Then more

Novel Coronavirus (covid-19) a Ubiquitous Hazard to Human Health: A Review

Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 2020

Coronavirus (CoV) belongs to the genus beta coronavirus with its high mutation rate within the family Coronoviridae. The virus is extremely transmittable and its pathogenicity caused infection like SARS-CoV-2. An epidemic of this novel coronavirus was first documented in Wuhan, Hubei province of China in December 2019 and is thus called as COVID-19. A series of pneumonia reports were confirmed and now the cases are escalated throughout the world. Although transmission of this virus from animals to humans is rare, however this new strain most likely came from bats and pangolins. COVID-19 has infected more than 4.5 million people (4,543,060) as of May 15 th 2020, 09:50 GMT worldwide and rises continuously, caused the death of 303,707 so far. Till date no vaccine is available to combat this dreadful virus. Though, certain antiviral drugs have being assisted against COVID-19, which results some success. With the fast spread all over the world, fear and panic is gripping people around the globe. It leads to social stigma towards affected people and physiologically hurts by creating more fear. Need of the time is the collective efforts of all developed countries along with WHO to fight against this dreadful virus. The frontline clinicians, public health authorities and epidemiologists must need to come together to stop this infection and save the precious lives. Since the present virus is new to science, therefore in this review, an attempt has been made to establish some facts related to this novel coronavirus from the existing literature. Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification, there are seven strains of human corona viruses, which include 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and novel corona virus (Covid-19) consisting of thirty-eight unique species within the subfamily 10 accountable for the infection with special relation to the involvement of the respiratory tract like communicable disease, pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and lots of other symptoms like occasional watery and diarrhea 11,12. The quantity of species may still increase, as there are several unclassified CoVs 13. CoVs cause disease in a very sort of domestic and wild animals in addition as in humans, where 229E

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: Scenario of Myths and Facts

Annals of Community Health, 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic started off in China in December 2019, which was declared as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020, and later, it was declared as pandemic on March 11, 2020. [4-7] The first case of COVID-19 in India was reported on January 30, 2020. [4] Coronaviruses are enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA viruses which belong to the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales and mainly distributed in humans and other mammals. While, most human coronavirus infections are mild, the epidemics of two betacoronaviruses, severe

The Rise of New Coronavirus Infection-(COVID-19): A Recent Update

Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, 2020

T he Chinese city of Wuhan, is found to be the origin of the life threatening viral outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) i.e COVID-19. [1,2] According to the World Health Organization (WHO) situation report (41 st), updated on 1 March, 2020 there have been globally 87137 confirmed cases of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). [3] Out of 79 968 confirmed cases from China, 2873 deaths were already occurred. It has been found significantly centered around Hubei Province. There have been reporst for 7169 confirmed and 104 death cases of 2019-nCoV involving 58 countries, on 1 March, 2020. [3] On January 7, 2020, at around 9 o'clock, the virus was officially identified and named by the WHO as 2019-nCoV. [3-5] Many rapid virological, clinical, and epidemiological research responses have been carried out on 31 December 2019; as an emergency response for pneumonia cases of unknown etiology found in Wuhan. [6] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States announced the 1 st 2019-nCoV case on January 21, 2020. Researchers at the German Centre for Infection Research at the Charité university hospital in Berlin developed a laboratory assay on January 16 th , 2020. This outbreak is rapidly escalating with the increase in number of contagion events. Tests required for detection of SARS-CoV (2002) and MERS-CoV (2012) were used for earlier detection of 2019-nCoV. [7] This coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has thought to be having the same lineage from those causing the SARS-CoV. [8] Initially, it has been found that the cluster was having exposure of seafood market, where wild animals were served at a restaurant and off course that was thought to be a point-source zoonotic route. [7-9] There has been large number of literature reports on coronavirus including recent one. [10-65] This member coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is belonging to Betacoronaviruses like SARS-CoV (the Severe Acute Respira-The recent catastrophic outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19), currently renamed as COVID-19; recalled us the earlier memories created by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Human coronavirus (SARS-CoV) from nearly two decades ago. With the new advancements in earlier detection techniques for infections and better treatments; now we are better supported to deal this recent infestation of 2B coronavirus.

Covid-19-A Dreaded Pandemic Disease

The emergence of new COVID-19 the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) create great public health crises in the world. Its genome sequence analysis indicated that the virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. There have been millions of confirmed cases of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and thousands of deaths have been reported. The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms are usually fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. The disease is mild, moderate and severe forms in different age group of immunocompromised people. It may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 2 to 3%. Diagnosis is by demonstration of the virus in nasal as well as throat secretions by special molecular tests. Common laboratory findings include normal/ low white cell counts with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is essentially supportive and role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. Prevention entails home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions. The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. The global impact of this new epidemic is yet uncertain.

COVID-19: An Emerging Rapidly Evolving Situation

JABBAR, 2020

Coronaviruses are large group of enveloped viruses with unsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA as genetic material. These are collection related RNA viruses that cause diseases of economically important vertebrate viz. mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from asymptomatic to life threatening. The asymptomatic disease include very similar to some cases of the common cold, while other deadly varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) are zoonotic origin and extremely pathogenic coronaviruses that can cause localized and worldwide outbreak. The novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19 posses a unique morphology. The outer surface of the virus bearing surface spike and reveled like crown hence being named corona virus. The mode of replication of the virus is very unique as it replicate through the generation of nested set of viral mRNA. The HCoV (Human coronavirus) cause respiratory complication with asymptomatic to life threatening outcomes. From the past 15 years we have witnessed appearance of two zoonotic, extremely pathogenic human corona viruses the: SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.