Effect of Pollution on the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water and Sediments of River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Temporal and Spatial Physico-chemical parameters of River Galma, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria
Abstract Fresh water bodies all over the world are constantly faced with pollution challenges most of which are anthropogenic in nature. Determination of physico-chemical parameters is one of the many routine practices of determining the health of the ecosystem and the survivability of the living biota within it. This research focuses on the temporal and spatial physico-chemical parameters of River Galma. Water samples were collected from five different locations along the river course from August, 2014 to January, 2015 for the determination of eleven physico-chemical parameters on monthly basis following standard methods. The results indicate high significance difference (P ˂0.05) in biological oxygen demand, hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate-phosphorus, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and temperature of the sampling months with significance difference in dissolved oxygen. There were no significant differences amongst the sites. Electrical conductivity ranged from mean values of 69.20±3.12µs/cm (January) to 157.80±24.69µs/cm (December), the dissolved oxygen: 3.05±0.22mg/l (November) to 5.12±0.20mg/l (January). Biological Oxygen Demand: 2.83±0.27mg/l (December) to 6.37±0.24mg/l (September). Hardness of water: 23.20±4.45mg/l (December) to 177.60±19.71mg/l (September), Alkalinity: 23.00±2.12mg/l (August) to 48.80±1.66 mg/ml (January). The physico-chemical parameters varied widely during the months and locations of the samples and sampling sites. With the exception of the electrical conductivity the physico-chemical parameter were within the acceptable limits. The river is not fit for direct human consumption but it can be put to other uses. This research should serve as invaluable information to the relevant authority and the scientific world on the necessary steps to take to check-mate the effects of pollution on River Galma.
This study was carried out in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria to determine the effect of environmental pollution on the quality of River Ngada, which has been polluted by physical and chemical waste. In order to achieve this study, eight sampling points (S 1-S 8) were chosen along the river's course corresponding to the points where notable discharged of wastewater into River Ngada occurs. Several water quality parameters (pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS, TSS, turbidity, COD, BOD, DO and heavy metals) were determined using standard procedures. The levels of pH ranged from 7.97 ± 2.60 to 9.42 ± 0.32; 31.30 ± 1.34 to 35.40 ± 0.84°C for temperature; 32.02 ± 0.12 and 78.34 ± 2.43 mg/l TSS; 31.12 ± 1.53 to 58.22 ± 0.71 NTU turbidity; 2.32 to 8.23 mg/l DO; 235.12 to 522.12 mg/l BOD and 854.33 and 2874.45 mg/l COD. The levels of the above parameters increase with an increase in distance from point S 1 to S 8 with the exception of DO. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed that the levels of all the anions and heavy metals were statistically significant among the various sampling points. Our study reveals that the levels of all the parameters studied were higher than the WHO's standard limits for water meant for drinking and other domestic uses. The study also indicates that domestic wastes and abattoir wastewater have an impact on the organic content, anions and heavy metals, resulting in a significant effect on the ecological balance of the river. Based on the above results, the current water quality status of River Ngada poses both environmental and health hazards to users. The results of this study need immediate remediation programmes to ameliorate the poor water status of these sections of River Ngada.
2012
Available sources of portable water for drinking, domestic and industrial chores in Nigeria are dwindling because of concomitant increase in population, urbanization and industrial activities. This study assessed the qualities of Surface Water (SW), Sediment (SD) and Tilapia Fish (Oreichromis niloticuss) (TF) samples collected from Asejire, Oni, Ona, Ogun, Ogunpa, Eleyele and Majidun rivers and Lagos lagoon in south-western Nigeria. Samples of SW, SD and TF were collected at strategic locations from each water source and analyzed using standard procedures. SW for all locations were grossly polluted with organics as indicated by high COD (72.8-292 mg/L) and BOD (30.8-143 mg/L) and low DO (1.04-6.68 mg/L) levels. Lead levels in SW for all locations exceeded WHO and NIS limits for drinking water. Cadmium levels in sediments from Oni, Ona, Ogun and Ogunpa rivers also exceeded Canadian Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) of 0.6 mg/kg. Fish from Lagos lagoon were most polluted with...
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2019
Water pollution is an issue of concern over the years in many countries. This study investigated the effect of human activities on the water and soil sediments of River Ogun at Ijaye, Isabo and Sokori from June to November 2017. The physico-chemical parameters of the water in all the three locations were measured and recorded twice monthly using standard methods. Determination of phosphate and nitrate in the soil was carried out. One-way analysis of variance was employed for data analyses, and means were differentiated using Duncan multiple range tests. No significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean of all the parameters tested for in all three locations. Monthly range in temperature was within 24.75 ºC-27.55 ºC. Highest mean electrical conductivity (531.00 µs/cm), dissolved oxygen (7.56 mg/l) and alkalinity (2.80 mg/l) were recorded at Location C (Oke-Sokori). High positive correlation was obtained between water phosphate and water nitrate, soil phosphate, soil nitrate and between pH and dissolve oxygen, electrical conductivity. It was concluded that the water from all three locations are still within the recommended reference for fish. There is need to constantly monitor the water at these locations as levels of some of the parameters have exceeded the permissible limit for fish.
The physico-chemical characteristics of Nworie River and its Sediments were investigated using standard methods. Samples were obtained at four locations Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Warehouse (WH), Emmanuel College (EC) and Control Point (CP). Results obtained from physico-chemical analysis show that except for Colour, Turbidity, pH, Fe, Hg, Pb, Al, and Cd, other measured parameters such as (Conductivity, TDS, Calcium and Magnesium Hardness, Alkalinity, Total chloride, Nitrate, Nitrogen (NO,N), Phosphate (PO4 3-), Sulphate (SO4-), Potassium (K), Copper and Zinc) conformed with World Health Organization (WHO) 2011, standards. The mean concentration values for major cations (Ca, Na, Mg and K) at FMC, WH and EC were (7.57, 7.32 and 5.76), (26, 24, and 22.2), (1.76, 1.79 and 1.80) and (3.87, 4.64and 5.53) mg/l respectively, while mean values for anions (HCO3, NO3, SO4 and Cl-) were (9, 8 and 9), (17, 22.33, and 18.1), (25.0, 30.0 and 32.0) and (30.0, 15.0 and 15.30) mg/l respectively. Also, the stream sediments shows that aside pH, Total Chloride, Hg, NO3, Fe, K, Pb, Cd and Al, all other parameters conform to Federal Ministry of Environment (FME)2006 standards. The environmental and health implications of the variables were examined to establish current levels of pollution. An attempt has been made to show the relationships between pollution levels, human, industrial and agricultural activities that introduce pollutants into the River. The spatial distribution of pollutants due to a poor land use system and human activities were investigated, thus emphasizing integrated planned development as a preventive measure for arresting pollution levels in the river. The mean pH values for the three segments (FMC, WH and EC) were 5.76, 5.77 and 5.40 respectively, while the mean pH values for the sediments were 5.0, 5.66 and 6.0 respectively, thus showing that the water and sediment is acidic and does not conform to the WHO 2011 drinking water standard. There is therefore the need for proper treatment of the water so as to ensure its suitability for domestic and commercial use. The pH of the river can be treated using sodium carbonate (soda ash).
River Galma basin around Dakace Industrial Layout, Zaria, Nigeria, was studied between May 2011 and May 2012 to determine the Influence of Industrial effluents from the Industrial Area, on the water Quality of the River by comparing the levels of physico-chemical parameters of water quality in the upstream area before the identified effluent discharge points (Point sources) and downstream after the effluent discharge points. Results indicated that Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Alkalinity, pH, Turbidity and Chloride showed the range 21.4-35.2 °C, 32.00-182.00 μS/cm, 25.02-77.09 mg/l, 27.38-78.24 mg/l, 15.81-140.85 mg/l, 4.00-7.68, 32.30-458.00 NTU and 17.02-318 mg/l respectively. All the parameters examined showed significant seasonal variation (P < 0.05), Temperature being the only exception. Most of the parameters analyzed (Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Alkalinity) were found to be within World Health Organization (WHO) and US-EPA permissible limit for drinking water quality. pH, Turbidity and Chloride were however, seriously implicated. It was established from the results that industrial discharges had negative impact on the surface water quality of the river. Hence, extraction of water from the river for domestic and agricultural purposes requires some forms of physical and chemical treatment. Key words: River Galma, Industrial effluent, Water quality, Physico-chemical parameters, WHO limits.
Physical and Chemical Parameters of Lower Ogun River Akomoje, Ogun State, Nigeria
Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 2014
The aims of carrying out this experiment were to determine the water quality and to investigate if the various human and ecological activities around the river have any effect on the physico-chemical parameters of the river's resources with a view to effectively utilizing these resources. Water samples were collected from two stations on the surface water of Lower Ogun River Akomoje biweekly for a period of 5 months (Jan-May, 2011). Results showed that temperature ranged between 24.0-30.7oC, transparency (0.53-1.00 m), depth (1.0-3.88 m), alkalinity (4.5-14.5 mg/l), nitrates (0.235-5.445 mg/l), electrical conductivity (140-190 µS/cm), dissolved oxygen (4.12-5.32 mg/l), phosphates (0.02 mg/l-0.75 mg/l) and total dissolved solids (70-95). The parameters at the deep end (station A) accounted for the bulk of the highest values; there was however no significant differences between the stations at P<0.05 with the exception of transparency, depth, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The phosphate value was relatively low which accounted for the low productivity and high transparency. The results obtained from the physico-chemical parameters agreed with the limits set by both national and international bodies for drinking and fish growth. It was however observed that during the period of data collection, catches was low and this could be attributed to low level of primary productivity due to the quality of physico-chemical parameters of the water. It was recommended that the agencies involved in the management of the river should put the right policies in place that will effectively enhance proper exploitation of the water resources. More research should also be carried out on the physico-chemical parameters since this work only studied the water for five months.
DETERMINATION OF POLLUTION LEVEL OF WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES OF LANDZU RIVER, BIDA, NIGERIA.
2005
ABSTRACT The level of pollution of Landzu river, a major river passing through the ancient town of Bida, Nigeria, has been assessed by monitoring concentrations of some physico-chemical parameters during the rainy and dry seasons in both water and sediment samples. The mean values ofpH, conductivity, hardness and alkalinity of the water were 7.25, 269.3 jJScn {'12.7 ppm and 16.2 ppm re. spectively, and they were all within the WHO maximum desirable limits.
Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2020
The impact of effluents on water and fish quality in some Nigerian waters is alarming due to indiscriminate dumping of domestic and industrial wastes into the waters. Ureje reservoir and its tributaries are no exception to this menace; hence the need to examine the effect of unrestricted dumping of refuse into the reservoir on fish and water quality. Four sampling stations (A-D) were selected namely: A (Upstream tributary) along Busy Minds International School; B (Downstream tributary) along Aba Igbira settlement; C (Tributary close to the middle of the reservoir) along Sije road and D (the main reservoir) respectively. Site selection was based on the high volume of water contribution to the main reservoir and proximity to refuse dump site. Water and fish Samples were collected for Laboratory Analysis using Standard Methods. Results obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results of water analysis showed the values of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to be significantly (p<0.05) highest (272.67mg/l O 2 and 340 mg/l) respectively in sampling station C, denoting it as the highest point of effluents influx. The values for Iron (Fe) were significantly (p<0.05) high than the maximum permissible limits to man in all the sampling stations with the highest value (12.30mg/l) in station B indicating highest mineral deposits. The highest Values of alkalinity (182.67mg/lCaCO 3); acidity (304.85mg/lCaCO 3); phosphates (0.04mg/l) and chloride (11.70mg/l) were recorded in the main reservoir (Station D), showing highest ionic exchange due to much aquatic activities. The microbiological analysis showed Water Total Bacterial Count (WTBC) and Fish Total Bacterial Count (FTBC) to be significantly (p<0.05) highest (580.00 and 5173.0) in sampling stations C and D respectively. While Water Total Faecal Streptococci (WTFS) and Fish Total Faecal Streptococci (FTFS) followed almost the same trend with the highest values in station D (9.00CFU/100ml and 25.00 CFU/100ml) respectively. The almost sedentary nature of the main reservoir may accounts for its high bacteria load in fish and water. Influx of pollutants through the sampling station C, that is, tributary close to the middle of the reservoir should be checkmated for better water quality.
This study assessed the physico-chemical quality of River Ogun, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Southwestern Nigeria. Four locations were chosen spatially along the water course to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities that are capable of changing the quality of river water. The water samples were collected monthly for seven consecutive months (December 2011 – June 2012) at the four sampling stations. pH, air temperature (℃), water temperature (℃), conductivity (µs/cm) and total dissolved solids (mg/L) were conducted in-situ with the use of HANNA Combo pH and EC multi meter Hi 98129 and Mercury-in-glass thermometer while dissolved oxygen (mg/L), nitrate (mg/L), phosphate (mg/L), alkalinity (mg/L) and hardness (mg/L) were determined ex-situ using standard methods. Results showed that dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion concentration, total hardness and nitrate were above the maximum permissible limit of National Administration for Food, Drugs and Control (NAFDAC), Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water during certain months of the study period. Results also showed that water temperature and conductivity were within the permissible limits of all the standards excluding FEPA. However, total dissolved solids and alkalinity were within the permissible limits of all the standards. Adejuwon and Adelakun, (2012) also reported similar findings on Rivers Lala, Yobo and Agodo in Ewekoro local government area of Ogun state, Nigeria. Since most of the parameters measured were above the maximum permissible limits of the national and international standards, it can be concluded that the water is unfit for domestic uses, drinking and aquacultural purposes and therefore needs to be treated if it is to be used at all. The low dissolved oxygen values for the first four months was too low i.e. < 5 mg/L. This is most likely as a result of the amount of effluents discharged into the river. To prevent mass extinction of aquatic organisms due to anoxic conditions, proper regulations should be implemented to reduce the organic load the river receives.