Depression and its characteristics in childhood and adolescence (original) (raw)

Depression among Brazilian adolescents: A cross-sectional population-based study

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights a b s t r a c t Background: Depression is the most common mental disorder during adolescence. Mental disorders often begin between infancy and adolescence, persisting throughout the rest of life and even affecting the well-being of subsequent generations. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study, with two-stage, probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling, conducted in the city of Pelotas, in southern Brazil. All individuals aged 10–19 years and living in the selected dwellings were invited to participate in the study. To identify depression, we applied the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. We defined minor depression as the presence of two or more depressive symptoms, at least one of which is depressed mood or anhedonia. The symptoms were considered valid only if reported to persist for a week or more or to occur nearly every day, the exception being suicidal thoughts, which was considered valid regardless of frequency. Results: We interviewed 743 adolescents, among whom the prevalence of minor depression was 17.0% (95% confidence interval, 14.0–20.0), being higher among girls than among boys, as well as among individuals aged 14–15 years, those self-identifying as an ethnic minority, those who were smokers and those who lived with a depressed individual. Limitations: The reverse causality bias that is a problem inherent to cross-sectional studies, which precluded the establishment of temporal relationships between exposures and the outcome of interest. Conclusions: Our results illustrate the relevance of depression in adolescents, underscoring the need for mental health policies targeting this population, with the objective of minimising the short-and long-term effects of early-onset depression.

Expression of depressive symptoms in a nonclinical Brazilian adolescent sample

Can J Psychiatry, 2005

Objective: This study aimed to detect the prevalence of depressive symptomatology and its expression in a nonclinical Brazilian adolescent student sample. Method: A sample of students from private and public schools (n = 1555, aged 13 to 17 years) answered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We performed factor analysis of the BDI as an indicator of the expression of depressive symptomatology. The following cutoff scores defined nonclinical subgroups: "nondepressed," BDI < 15; "dysphoria," BDI 16 to 20; and "depressed," BDI > 20. We used discriminant analysis to test whether these subgroups could be separated by the depression-specific and nonspecific items. Results: The point prevalence of depression was 7.6%, according to the BDI cutoff of 20. Girls had higher scores than boys in several items. Scores increased with age. Students from public schools had higher scores than did private school students. Factor analysis showed 2 common factors for the total sample and for each sex: the cognitive affective dimension and the somatic nonspecific dimension. In the adolescents showing clinical depression, items related to self-depreciation, sense of failure, guilty feelings, self-dislike, suicidal wishes, and distortion of body image were common components of BDI factors. Discriminant analysis showed that the BDI highly discriminates depressive symptomatology in adolescent students and also measures specific aspects of depression. Conclusions: The BDI is useful as a measure of specific aspects of depression in nonclinical adolescent samples; it was able to detect depression in approximately 7% of the surveyed population. The expression of depressive symptoms in a Brazilian adolescent population is compatible with international studies in this age group. Detecting depressive symptoms in a school population is a critical preventive strategy; to avoid damage to the learning process, it should be followed with further referral to treatment when needed.

Childhood Depression as Emerging Public Health

2015

Depression in children and adolescents

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1962

In recent years, the situation of child and adolescent psychiatry in Poland has dramatically deteriorated. 24-hour psychiatric wards dedicated to minors are overcrowded and it is almost exclusively patients who are a direct threat to their own health or life that are hospitalised. About 20% of children and adolescents have symptoms of various mental disorders, of which 10% (about 400,000) require specialist care. Depression is one of the most common health problems among children and adolescents and its prevalence increases with age and puberty. Depression can be chronic, with constant severity, or recurrent, when symptoms return in the form of mild, moderate or severe episodes. The mood disorders occurring in the developmental period carry many negative consequences in the emotional, social and educational functioning of the patient. They increase the risk of self-destructive behaviours, suicide, abuse of psychoactive substances, as well as later difficulties in many areas of life during adulthood.

Childhood Depression as Emerging Public Health Problem: a Systematic Review

As an important problem of public health, the childhood depression deserves special attention, in which the serious and long term consequences of the disease weigh to the childhood development. Taking this in consideration, the present study was based in the following research question: which practical contribution the actual scientific literature about childhood depression has to offer to clinicians and researchers? The aim of the present study was to evaluate the actual evidence concerning the different aspects (etiology/risk factors, diagnosis , treatment, prognostic and prevention) of childhood depression, with the purpose to systematize such evidences and to contribute with the knowledge about the problem. In way to reach this aim, it was performed a systematic review of articles about childhood depression , in the period from January first of 2010 to January 16 of 2014, in the databases PubMED, MEDLINE and SciELO. In the research, the following terms were used: " depression " (MeSH), " child " (MeSH) and " childhood depression " (Keyword). Of the 860 found studies, 76 met the eligibility criteria. The found studies covered a wide variety of aspects related to childhood depression, as diagnosis, treatment, prevention and prognostic. The actual scientific literature about the childhood depression converges to, directly or not, highlight the negative impacts of the depression disorders to the life quality of the children. Unfortunately, the found studies show that the childhood depression is a disorder that develops most commonly in a poverty and vulnerability scenery, where the individual and familiar necessities concerning the childhood depression are not always taken in consideration. In this context, this review demonstrates that the depression started in

Depression in adolescence: an issue of bonds

Psicologia Em Estudo, 2012

RESUMO. Este artigo discute a problemática da depressão na adolescência com base na vertente psicanalítica da Teoria do Apego. Primeiramente são estacadas as especificidades da adolescência e sua relação com o surgimento da depressão. A partir daí, são apresentados os conceitos de função reflexiva e de capacidade de mentalização, objetivando pensar o fenômeno depressivo na adolescência como uma problemática dos vínculos afetivos. Conclui-se que há uma associação importante entre o estabelecimento de um padrão de apego inseguro na infância e o desenvolvimento da depressão na adolescência. A utilização dos conceitos de função reflexiva e capacidade de mentalização permite reconhecer a importância da dimensão representacional para essa problemática, proporcionando uma nova perspectiva para a compreensão e abordagem terapêutica da depressão na adolescência. Palavras-chave: Adolescência; depressão; teoria do apego; mentalização.

Prevention of adolescent depression in the Spanish-speaking world

International journal of environmental research and public health, 2014

This paper aims at presenting programs targeted at the prevention of adolescent depression applied with Spanish-speaking populations that have been developed in Spanish-speaking countries and are mostly published in Spanish. These programs have been developed under different cultural contexts in Spain and Latin-America. The main goal of this paper is to make the studies and movements of the Spanish-speaking literature in this field accessible to the non-Spanish-speaking part of the research community. Therefore, after an introduction referring to possible cultural differences regarding depression in general and epidemiological basics, several programs are introduced. In total 11 programs will be shortly presented and discussed. After revising the programs it can be concluded that in the Spanish-speaking world many programs have been developed and conducted following current state of the art-approaches for adolescent depression prevention. Further research is needed especially target...

Adolescent Depression: A Serious Issue

2016

A study on adolescent’s urban boys and girls was carried out on a sample of 400. 200 each of them are adolescent boy and girls in those 100 boys from low SES and 100 from middle SES vice versa about the adolescent girls. The data pertaining to the study data was collected by administering depression scale and SES scale on sample adolescents.75% adolescent boys having low level of depression while 53% girls in middle SES while 91% boys and 83% girls in middle SES.27% girls having high level of depression as compare to boys having 14%. 3% boys in middle SES having high depression while girls having 8%.There are no significant differences was noted in depression levels except low and high depression levels in low SES. Introduction In every stage of human life, many changes are observed but the rapid changes are noted mainly during prenatal period, infancy and adolescence period. The rapid changes in primary and secondary characteristics are commonly occurring in adolescents who all mak...

Depressive Symptoms and School Performance: A Study of Brazilian Children

Ciencias Psicológicas, 2016

El objetivo del estudio fue verifi car la relación entre sintomatología depresiva infantil y el desempeño escolar, medido indirectamente por el rendimiento en la comprensión de la lectura y la escritura de palabras. Participaron 164 niños y 129 niñas (N = 293), con edades entre 7 y 11 años (M = 9.19; DE = 0.97), de tercer a quinto año de Enseñanza Primaria de dos escuelas públicas del interior del Estado de San Pablo, Brasil. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario de Depresión Infantil (CDI), dos textos estructurados según los padrones tradicionales de la técnica de Cloze y la Escala de Evaluación de la Escritura (EAVE). Los resultados indicaron una correlación negativa y signifi cativa entre los puntajes. Los niños que tuvieron mayor puntuación en el CDI mostraron peor desempeño en la comprensióna de la lectura y la escritura. Por los resultados del CDI, no fueron encontradas diferencias para las variables sexo y edad.

Depression and its characteristics in childhood and adolescence (original) (raw)

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