Development of Overweight Associated with Childbearing Depends on Smoking Habit: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (original) (raw)
Smoking during Pregnancy and Offspring Fat and Lean Mass in Childhood*
Obesity, 2006
Objective: Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with obesity in the offspring, but findings have mainly been based on body mass index (BMI) derived from height and weight. We therefore examined the association between maternal and partner smoking during pregnancy, and offspring total fat, truncal fat and lean mass in childhood.
Early Human Development, 2009
Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth restriction, but also with increased risk for overweight in childhood. If the mother stops smoking in early pregnancy fetal growth is not restricted, but whether the risk for later overweight persists is unclear. Aim: To study if four year old children of mothers who stopped smoking in early pregnancy have higher mean body mass index (BMI) and/or increased odds of being overweight compared with children of non-smokers. Study Design: Prospective population based study on Norwegian mothers and children. Subjects: Among 711 children available for analysis, 540 were children of never smoking mothers, 114 of mothers who stopped smoking in early pregnancy, and 57 of mothers who continued to smoke throughout pregnancy. Outcome Measures: BMI and overweight defined by international criteria at age four. Results: Compared with children of never smoking mothers, children of smoking mothers had higher mean BMI (mean difference: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.84 kg/m 2 ), whereas mean BMI was not higher among children of mothers who stopped smoking (mean difference: 0.02; 95% CI: -0.24, 0.28 kg/m 2 . Similarly, children of smoking mothers had increased odds for overweight (adjusted OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.13, 7.10), whereas children of mothers who stopped smoking did not have increased odds (adjusted OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 0.62, 2.68) compared with children of never smoking mothers. Conclusions: In this study, the association between smoking exposure and childhood overweight did not persist in children of mothers who stopped smoking early in pregnancy.
Preventive medicine reports, 2017
Based on the Early Life Theory, maternal smoking may be a factor affecting child weight status, adiposity level and blood pressure later in life. The purpose of this study was primarily to examine the risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy with overweight and obesity, central and total adiposity in school children. Secondarily, to assess the effect of maternal smoking, with children's blood pressure (BP). Data from the Greek Childhood Obesity cross sectional study (GRECO), conducted from October 2008 to May 2009, were used. A total of 2400 questionnaires gathered from children and their parents were analysed. Maternal and gestational data were gathered by a self-administered questionnaire. Women were categorized as non-smokers or smokers if they smoked ≥ 1 cigarettes/day during pregnancy. Children's body weight, height, waist circumference and BP were measured. Multiple logistic and linear regression analysis was conducted, adjusting for covariates. Four models were used ...
Investigation of maternal smoke exposure and childhood obesity: A cross-sectional study
Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine, 2020
Introduction: Recent studies suggest that smoking exposure in pregnancy period might be a risk agent for childhood overweight and obesity. We examined associations between maternal smoking in pregnancy period and children's weight and the possible obesogenic effects of maternal smoking. Methods: The present study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis of a survey. A 31-question survey was administered to mothers to learn the nutrition and smoking habits in Turkey from January to March 2020. Also, a 25-question survey was administered to children to study their diet. Participants were classified as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. The smoking status of mothers was also recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The research group consisted of 454 participants (227 mothers, M age = 38.73 ± 6.23 years and 227 children, M age = 10.39 ± 4.96 years). In this study, 60.3% of children were underweight, 27.9% normal, 8.8% overweight, and 2.9% obese. Overall, 6.3% of children had smoking exposure and were overweight, whereas 1.4% were obese. Our results show that the relationship between maternal smoke exposure and body mass index (BMI) was non-significant (P > 0.05). Children whose mothers did smoke in pregnancy period were at low risk for obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.07, 6.11) compared with children whose mothers never smoke. Conclusion: In this study, we found that the BMI of children not increased with maternal smoking exposure. In future, taking into consideration the health of mother and child, new studies should be performed to investigate the relationship between maternal or paternal smoking exposure and childhood overweight or obesity.
2006
The authors used a population-based birth cohort of 3,253 children (52% males) born in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1984 to prospectively examine whether maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with offspring overweight and obesity. The authors compared mean body mass indexes (weight (kg)/height (m) 2 ) and levels of overweight and obesity at age 14 years among offspring by patterns of maternal smoking (never smoked, smoked before and/or after pregnancy but not during pregnancy, or smoked during pregnancy). Adolescent body mass index and prevalences of overweight and obesity were greater in offspring whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy than in those whose mothers had never smoked. Body mass index and levels of overweight and obesity among adolescent offspring whose mothers stopped smoking during pregnancy but smoked at other times in the child's life were similar to those among offspring whose mothers had never smoked. These results were independent of a range of potentially confounding factors and suggest a direct effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on adolescent overweight and obesity. They provide yet another incentive for pregnant women to be persuaded not to smoke and for young women to be encouraged to never take up smoking. body mass index; obesity; overweight; pregnancy; smoking Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
Scientific Reports
We assessed anthropometry in 22,421 adult daughters in association with their mothers' tobacco smoking early in pregnancy (at their first antenatal visit) in Sweden, particularly their risk of short stature and obesity. Adult daughters were grouped by maternal smoking levels during pregnancy: Nonsmokers (58.5%), Light smokers (24.1%; smoked 1-9 cigarettes/day), and Heavier smokers (17.4%; smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day). Anthropometry was recorded on the adult daughters at approximately 26.0 years of age. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 , and short stature as height more than two standard deviations below the population mean. Daughters whose mothers were Light and Heavier smokers in early pregnancy were 0.8 cm and 1.0 cm shorter, 2.3 kg and 2.6 kg heavier, and had BMI 0.84 kg/m 2 and 1.15 kg/m 2 greater, respectively, than daughters of Non-smokers. The adjusted relative risk of short stature was 55% higher in women born to smokers, irrespectively of smoking levels. Maternal smoking had a dose-dependent association with obesity risk, with offspring of Heavier smokers 61% and of Light smokers 37% more likely to be obese than the daughters of Non-smokers. In conclusion, maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of short stature and obesity in their adult daughters.
International journal of obesity (2005), 2014
Fetal smoke exposure may influence growth and body composition later in life. We examined the associations of maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy with total and abdominal fat distribution in school-age children. We performed a population-based prospective cohort study among 5243 children followed from early pregnancy onward in the Netherlands. Information about parental smoking was obtained by questionnaires during pregnancy. At the median age of 6.0 years (90% range: 5.7-7.4), we measured anthropometrics, total fat and android/gynoid fat ratio by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and preperitoneal and subcutaneous abdominal fat were measured by ultrasound. The associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy were only present among girls (P-value for sex interaction<0.05). Compared with girls from mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy, those from mothers who smoked during the first trimester only had a higher android/gynoid fat ratio (difference 0.23 (95% confid...