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A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.
The article considers physical properties of photon as a quantum of electromagnetic wave in luminiferous medium. An experimental evaluation method for its energy and mass based on radiation pressure effect was presented. The of “photon amplitude” concept was introduced, through which energy is represented similarly to quantum (phonon) energy of elastic mechanical wave. A model of photon as a wave packet in the medium was considered, which based its volume evaluation. The resulting equation for energy corresponds to commonly known, regarding the first degree frequency proportionality, while it is more informative.
The substantial model of the photon
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 411-467, 2017
It is shown that the angular frequency of the photon is nothing else than the averaged angular frequency of revolution of the electron cloud's center during emission and quantum transition between two energy levels in an atom. On assumption that the photon consists of charged particles of the vacuum field (of praons), the substantial model of a photon is constructed. Praons move inside the photon in the same way as they must move in the electromagnetic field of the emitting electron, while internal periodic wave structure is formed inside the photon. The properties of praons, including their mass, charge and speed, are derived in the framework of the theory of infinite nesting of matter. At the same time, praons are part of nucleons and leptons just as nucleons are the basis of neutron stars and the matter of ordinary stars and planets. With the help of the Lorentz transformations, which correlate the laboratory reference frame and the reference frame, co-moving with the praons inside the photon, transformation of the electromagnetic field components is performed. This allows us to calculate the longitudinal magnetic field and magnetic dipole moment of the photon, and to understand the relation between the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields, connected by a coefficient in the form of the speed of light. The total rest mass of the particles making up the photon is found, it turns out to be inversely proportional to the nuclear charge number of the hydrogen-like atom, which emits the photon. In the presented picture the photon composed of praons moves at a speed less than the speed of light, and it loses the right to be called an elementary particle due to its complex structure.
In contrast to wave functions in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics interpreted as probability amplitudes, wave functions in relativistic quantum mechanics have generalized meanings such as charge-density amplitudes, energy-density amplitudes as well as particle-number density amplitudes, etc. Applying electromagnetic field intensities we construct a photon wave function, it corresponds to the (1,0)+(0,1) spinor representation of the electromagnetic field, and can be interpreted as the energy-density amplitude of photons outside a source. In terms of photon wave functions we develop photon wave mechanics, which provides us with a new quantum-mechanical description for photons outside a source.
2002
It is shown that the photon, the quantum of electromagnetic field, allows the consideration in the framework of the scheme which in some aspects is typical for the phonon, an excitation of the crystal lattice of a solid. The conclusion is drawn that the photon may be interpreted as an elementary excitation in a fine-grained space. The corollary is in
The Photon and the Quantum Enigma Shlomo Barak
2018
We model the Photon as a space lattice oscillation, in a plane perpendicular to its line of propagation. This propagation is at the light velocity c. This plane is vertical or horizontal or rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise. This oscillation occupies a finite space volume of a defined shape, structure and size. Papers [1] and [2] model electromagnetism as the geometrodynamics of space; we show that the elastic space lattice oscillating displacement vector is the oscillating electric field, pointing in the opposite direction. For simplicity we ignore the magnetic field. We also show that our photons and ground state photons the photoms, condense when they are in phase and disperse when in anti-phase. This feature explains the double slit experiment, both for an ensemble of photons (classical EM wave) and single photons. It dispels the need for attributing a dualistic nature to single photons that arrive at the screen one at a time.
Quantum Optical Mechanics (QOM): Abolishing 'Light'. [UET6]
This paper replaces the hypothetical 'object' called 'Light' (wave/photon). This sixth report on a new research programme that is investigating the electromagnetic (EM) interaction. This paper analyzes the effects of interactions arising from multiple, remote electrons on one or several, local 'target' electrons. These interactions are the result of the new quantized form of the EM impulse introduced in the previous paper. This model is used to re-interpret various optical effects that have previously required the existence of a fundamental object known as 'LIGHT': a basic entity, considered to be either a particle or a wave (or even both?-the 'photon') that travels across space. In contrast, this new EM model is constructed upon the key role of the 'light' emission processes, categorized as either oscillatory (as in antenna) or transitory (as within atoms). These real emission processes are now integrated into the asynchronous action-at-a-distance model of the EM interaction that is the basis of this new theory. Mathematically, this new model describes algebraically how variable or periodic phenomena (that have been assumed require the use of waves) can be explained by periodic, asynchronous, remote interactions between point particles without any use of differential equations (including the wave equation). This paper now extends the earlier pair-wise interaction between two electrons into the many-body world of macroscopic reality. The two key ideas of interaction saturation and selection are now introduced, which totally differentiate this theory from all other theories constructed around universal, continuous interaction (or 'force') models. By eliminating all the ray, wave and photon models of 'light' this paper now extends the original Newtonian mechanical philosophy of nature to the major domain of optics: both classical and quantum. The emphasis is on the electrons and on the relationship between electrons and not on some hypothetical 'carrier' that travels between them – this is the Newtonian action-at-a-distance particulate model extended to multiple times. The idea of selection leads to the introduction of information waves that identify the location and velocities of all other electrons that might participate in a ray-like exchange of momentum between pairs of electrons (saturation) that always act like particles (real trajectories across space). These supra-luminal waves do not carry momentum but ensure that the interaction minimizes the exchange of action across a non-local region of space. This new model resolves the long-time paradox of electrons as waves or particles: electrons are seen here as real point particles that interact periodically (rather than continuously) together; the focus is on the relationship between them that can be described by the discrete mathematics of particles or the periodic mathematics usually associated with waves. This paper includes the first analytical solution to the 3D scattering of two electrons – in the center-of-mass frame of reference both electrons are shown to go in quantized spiraling, conical motions: towards each other and then away from each other. The present theory provides an alternative to Feynman's mathematical approach to " the mysterious properties of light " while providing a physical explanation for some of the calculational diagrams introduced by Feynman in his approach to quantum electrodynamics (QED). This now replaces all field theories of 'light' without introducing the concept of the photon or virtual particles and so eliminates all QED infinities in the physical properties associated with the interactions of electrons arising from the false idea of vacuum polarization, returning the vacuum to its Newtonian role as the passive, empty space between real particles. This new EM theory establishes a firm foundation for a new quantum theory that covers all scales of nature from the macroscopic to the heart of the atomic nucleus, while covering the complete range of interaction sets from a pair of electrons to the myriads of electrons existing in macroscopic objects. The next (companion) paper will explain the wave-like properties of electrons while providing a new, comprehensive theory of quantum measurement. This next paper will finally establish the critical link between the realistic model of the micro-world introduced so far and the macroscopic world of scientific measurements.
arXiv: Quantum Physics, 2017
Einstein's photo-electric effect allows us to regard electromagnetic waves as massless particles. Then, how is the photon helicity translated into the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of propagation? This is an issue of the internal space-time symmetries defined by Wigner's little group for massless particles. It is noted that there are three generators for the rotation group defining the spin of a particle at rest. The closed set of commutation relations is a direct consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty relations. The rotation group can be generated by three two-by-two Pauli matrices for spin-half particles. This group of two-by-two matrices is called SU(2), with two-component spinors. The direct product of two spinors leads to four states leading to one spin-0 state and one spin-1 state with three sub-states. The SU(2) group can be expanded to another group of two-by-two matrices called SL(2,c), which serves as the covering group for the gr...
A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.
The Maxwell wave function of the photon
James Clerk Maxwell unknowingly discovered a correct relativistic, quantum theory for the light quantum, forty-three years before Einstein postulated the photon's existence. In this theory, the usual Maxwell field is the quantum wave function for a single photon. When the non-operator Maxwell field of a single photon is second quantized, the standard Dirac theory of quantum optics is obtained. Recently, quantum-state tomography has been applied to experimentally determine photon wave functions.