Comparative engine performance and emission analysis of CNG and gasoline in a retrofitted car engine (original) (raw)
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CO, HC and NOX emissions characteristics of a retrofitted Bi-fuel natural gas engine
HKIE Transactions Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, 2005
This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate CO, HC and NOX exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of a computer integrated bi-fuel spark ignition engine that has been retrofitted for two fuels namely, gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). The ignition point was optimised for CNG through the external device so that the maximum cylinder pressure occurred at similar as gasoline fuel such as between 10 to 10.50 deg crank angles after top dead centre (TDC). The used engine is a 4-cylinder spark ignition engine that has been operated with steady state condition using engine operating software and data acquisition system called CADET6. An eddy current dynamometer was used to measure engine performance characteristics such as engine brake power and fuel consumption and to give load on engine during measuring emission characteristics. Bosch and Bacharach exhaust gas analysers were used to measure emissions gases such as CO, HC and NOX. The performance test was done with full throttle condition and corresponding air-fuel (AFR) was evaluated. The emissions test was done with fixed load condition for both the fuels. The results show that CNG reduces 15% brake power with 15% to 18% reduction in specific fuel consumption (5FC) as compared to gasoline fuel. This is mainly due to the gases nature of CNG fuel. The emissions results show that CNG reduces CO and HC emissions but increases NOX emissions. The details about the emissions and performance results with three way catalytic (TWC) converter have been presented and discussed. The results of this experiment will be used to develop of new dedicated natural gas engines. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1023697X.2005.10668009#.UxknTc69gtE
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011
Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, is composed of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters. In spite of having some application problems, recently it is being considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels in internal combustion engine. From scientific literatures, this paper has collected and analyzed the data on both advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel over conventional diesel. Since the aim of this study is to evaluate the biodiesel feasibility in automobiles, the first section is dedicated to materials compatibility in biodiesel as compared to that in diesel. The highest consensus is related to enhanced corrosion of automotive parts due to its compositional differences. In the subsequent sections, data on performance, emission and engine durability have been analyzed and compared. In this case, the highest consensus is found in reducing emissions as well as in increasing moving parts sticking, injector coking and filter plugging. This paper has also summarized the factors of biodiesel in contributing these technical performances. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110003448 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032110003448/1-s2.0-S1364032110003448-main.pdf?\_tid=f75f6c24-a9c5-11e3-b251-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615527\_684db9fd3c64f8d8c14da52223233a79
An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gasoline vehicle
Fuel, 2006
This paper presents test results obtained from running a 1.5 L, 4-cylinder Proton Magma retrofitted spark ignition car engine with dynamometer. Performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions measurements were recorded under steady state operating conditions for gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). The engine was converted to computer integrated bi-fueling system from a gasoline engine and was operated separately either with gasoline or CNG using an electronically controlled solenoid actuated valve system. A PC based data acquisition and control system was used for controlling all the operation. A comparative analysis of the performance and emissions has been made for gasoline and CNG. Based on the experimental results, it is transparent that CNG shows low brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumptions (BSFC), higher efficiency and lower emissions of CO, CO2, HC but more NOx compared to gasoline. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0016236105003303/1-s2.0-S0016236105003303-main.pdf?\_tid=c09476ac-a9c6-11e3-beda-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1394615865\_63200ad7a4031ef8ee163e82b9026516 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236105003303
Energy Conversion and Management, 2013
In order to maintain cab comfort truck drivers have to idle their engine to obtain the required power for accessories, such as the air conditioner, heater, television, refrigerator, and lights. This idling of the engine has a major impact on its fuel consumption and exhaust emission. Idling emissions can be as high as 86.4 g/h, 16,500 g/h, 5130 g/h, 4 g/h, and 375 g/h for HC, CO 2, CO, PM, and NOx, respectively. Idling fuel consumption rate can be as high as 1.85 gal/h. The accessory loading, truck model, fuel-injection system, ambient temperature, idling speed, etc., also affect significantly the emission levels and fuel consumption rate. An increase in accessory loading and ambient temperature increases the emissions and fuel consumption. During idling, electronic fuel-injection systems reduce HC, PM, and CO emission, but increase NOx emissions compared with a mechanical fuel-injection system. An increase of idling speed increases fuel consumption rate. There are many systems available on the market to reduce engine idling and improve air quality and fuel consumption rate, such as an auxiliary power unit (APU), truck stop electrification, thermal storage systems, fuel cells, and direct fire heaters. A direct fire heater reduces fuel consumption by 94-96% and an APU reduces consumption by 60-87%. Furthermore, these technologies increase air quality significantly by reducing idling emissions, which is the reason why they are considered as key alternatives to engine idling. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890413002781/1-s2.0-S0196890413002781-main.pdf?\_tid=ef15e592-a9c6-11e3-97f9-00000aacb360&acdnat=1394615943\_bd3ca58c157b4204b0447ffa1b008c64 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890413002781
An experimental investigation of high performance natural gas engine with direct injection
Energy, 2011
This paper presents experimental results of a new compressed natural gas direct injection (CNG-DI) engine that has been developed from modification of a multi cylinder gasoline port injection (PI) engine. The original gasoline-PI engine was also modified to a CNG bi-fuel system. The test results obtained from CNG fuel using two different systems (i.e. bi-fuel and DI) have been investigated and compared with the original gasoline engine. The objective of this investigation is to compare the test results between CNG-DI, with CNG-BI and gasoline-PI engines with the same displacement volume. It was found that the CNG-DI engine produces similar brake power at 6000. rpm and wide open throttle (WOT) but produces higher brake power at part load condition as compared to the original gasoline. The CNG-BI engine produces 23% lower brake power than the CNG-DI engine. The average brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the CNG-DI engine was 0.28% and 8% lower than gasoline-PI and CNG-BI engines respectively. The CNG-DI engine reduces 42% NOx emission as compared to the base engine. However, the CNG-DI engine produces higher HC and CO emissions as compared to the base engine. This paper discusses a review on the direct injection (DI) natural gas engine with new information along with other investigations. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360544211002349/1-s2.0-S0360544211002349-main.pdf?\_tid=c2bf5f32-a9c6-11e3-b389-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615868\_af9452d9cda4f71e98e5cd80760b3339 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211002349
Energy Conversion and Management, 2014
Simultaneous reduction of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from diesel exhaust is the key to current research activities. Although various technologies have been introduced to reduce emissions from diesel engines, the in-cylinder reduction techniques of PM and NOx like low temperature combustion (LTC) will continue to be an important field in research and development of modern diesel engines. Furthermore, increasing prices and question over the availability of diesel fuel derived from crude oil have introduced a growing interest. Hence it is most likely that future diesel engines will be operated on pure biodiesel and/or blends of biodiesel and crude oil-based diesel. Being a significant technology to reduce emissions, LTC deserves a critical analysis of emission characteristics for both diesel and biodiesel. This paper critically investigates both petroleum diesel and biodiesel emissions from the view point of LTC attaining strategies. Due to a number of differences of physical and chemical properties, petroleum diesel and biodiesel emission characteristics differ a bit under LTC strategies. LTC strategies decrease NOx and PM simultaneously but increase HC and CO emissions. Recent attempts to attain LTC by biodiesel have created a hope for reduced HC and CO emissions. Decreased performance issue during LTC is also being taken care of by latest ideas. However, this paper highlights the emissions separately and analyzes the effects of significant factors thoroughly under LTC regime. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890414000648/1-s2.0-S0196890414000648-main.pdf?\_tid=f1cb8bb6-a9c6-11e3-bd5f-00000aacb361&acdnat=1394615947\_dc7962ae9d15f6bf59e1d69a3a1b33d4 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890414000648
IJTM_EFFECT OF SPARK-ADVANCE ON PERFORMANCE OF CNG FUELLED VEHICLE.pdf
IndIan Journal of Transport ManageMent, 2014
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the performance characteristics of MPFI engine under variety of operating conditions, before and after it has been converted to compressed natural gas (CNG). Gasoline engines can run on gaseous fuel with little modifications. Natural gas being a lean burn fuel, needs a higher spark advance compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) engine designed for gasoline fuel. A comparative analysis of the performance characteristics of the engine system has been made with respect to different spark advance (SA). In this study, experiments were carried out to evaluate brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, air-fuel ratio and brake power for compressed natural gas (CNG) fuelled SI engine. Studies were carried out to evaluate optimum spark timing to operate on CNG.
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2004
This paper presents an experimental result carried out to evaluate exhaust gas emissions and deposit characteristics of a small diesel engine when operated on preheated crude palm oil (CPO) and its emulsions with 1%, 2% and 3% water. The test was conducted for 100 h using each of the test fuels with a constant speed of 2700 rpm and 5.50 Nm load. The engine was disassembled after the test to scrape carbon deposits from piston and cylinder heads. Ordinary diesel fuel (OD) scrape was used for comparison purposes. It was observed that preheated CPO reduced exhaust emissions such as containing less CO, HC and PM as compared to OD and CPO emulsified fuels. This is mainly attributed to the fact that preheating of CPO reduces its viscosity to the level of OD that improves the fuel spray and atomization characteristics and produces complete combustion. However, preheated CPO increased NOx emission as compared to OD and CPO emulsified fuels. This is mainly attributed from the deposit characteristic result, and shows that preheated CPO increased the highest fraction of ash deposit as compared to OD and CPO emulsified fuels, which is the reason for increasing NOx emissions. This programme will give useful information for further research and development in selecting the materials for engine parts and compatible lubricants if preheated CPO is used as an alternative to OD. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953404000297 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0961953404000297/1-s2.0-S0961953404000297-main.pdf?\_tid=8ff642a0-a9c6-11e3-8eae-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1394615783\_ffc85abd215f1a754f047ed09e9a471a
In this paper, a single cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine was modified to operate as a dual fuel engine using biogas as the primary fuel and diesel as the pilot fuel. The engine was operated at different compression ratios; 14:1, 16:1 and 18:1 and the performance and emission characteristics were studied. Brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were found to be highest at compression ratio of 18:1.Brake specific fuel consumption was also found to be lowest at compression ratio of 18:1. Engine exhaust gases were measures for different compression ratios. It was found that NOx and CO 2 emission increased with the increase in compression ratio and was highest at compression ratio of 18:1. HC and CO emissions reduced with increase in compression ratio and were highest at the compression ratio of 14:1. This study found that at compression ratio of 18:1, the dual fuel engine had superior performance and emission characteristics.
Palm oil and mineral oil based lubricants - their tribological and emission performance
Tribology International, 1999
A comparative study of wear, friction, viscosity, lubricant degradation and exhaust emissions was carried out on a palm oil and a mineral oil-based commercial lubricating oil. The wear and friction test was at first conducted using a reciprocating universal wear machine followed by a two-stroke gasoline Yamaha portable generator set, ET 950. The test conditions for the bench test were: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m s -1; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, ≅25 °C. The test conditions for the actual engine were: constant load, 0.4 kW for wear of the piston ring but various loads for exhaust emissions and constant speed, 2800 rpm. Analysis of post bench test lubricating oils was performed using ISL viscometer, TAN/TBN analyzer and FT-IR spectroscopy to investigate viscosity, TAN value and the oxidation level, respectively. Exhaust emission analysis was also performed using a BOSCH exhaust gas analyzer. Experimental results demonstrated that the palm oil based lubricating oil exhibited better performance in terms of wears, and that the mineral oil based lubricating oil exhibited better performance in terms of friction. However, the palm oil based lubricant was the more effective in reducing the emission levels of CO and hydrocarbon. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301679X99000523/1-s2.0-S0301679X99000523-main.pdf?\_tid=553b78aa-a9c7-11e3-a0d0-00000aacb362&acdnat=1394616114\_0b55dd59d8bfd087ecaa43860f72aea0 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X99000523