Investigation of different levels of cholecalciferol and its metabolite in calcium and phosphorus deficient diets on growth performance, tibia bone ash and development of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers (original) (raw)
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Animal Nutrition, 2018
This experiment was conducted to determine whether dietary cholecalciferol will alleviate a calcium and phosphorous (CaeP) deficiency when one-alpha-hydroxy-cholecalciferol, 1a(OH)D 3 , is supplemented, and to determine the effects of adequate and inadequate CaeP when 1a(OH)D 3 is supplemented and vitamin D 3 is adequate. A total of 144 one-d-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 3 treatments. The dietary treatments were as follows: treatment A, adequate CaeP þ cholecalciferol þ 5 mg/kg 1a(OH)D 3 ; treatment B, inadequate CaeP þ cholecalciferol þ 5 mg/kg 1a(OH)D 3 ; treatment C, inadequate CaeP þ 5 mg/kg 1a(OH)D 3. All diets were mixed with 500 FTU/kg of phytase, and cholecalciferol was provided in 5,000 IU/kg except for treatment C that fed diets without vitamin D 3. The CaeP levels in the adequate diets were 0.90% Ca, 0.66% total phosphorus (tP); 0.75% Ca, 0.59% tP; 0.69% Ca, 0.54% tP for the starter, grower and finisher periods. At d 42 of age, broilers were inspected for incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). The results showed that inadequate CaeP supplementation with cholecalciferol significantly decreased the incidence of TD, score and tibia ash compared with broilers fed the same diet in the absence of cholecalciferol (P < 0.05). The broilers fed inadequate CaeP diets with cholecalciferol were unable to achieve the same tibia ash and incidence of TD as those fed CaeP adequate diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this trial suggests that broilers fed an inadequate CaeP diet with 1a(OH)D 3 and adequate level of cholecalciferol are unable to sufficient bone formation. There was no indication that 1a(OH)D 3 in the absence of cholecalciferol was effective in reducing TD whereas it could improve tibia ash.
Animal Nutrition, 2018
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary 1a-hydroxycholecalciferol (1a-OH-D 3) in calcium (Ca)-and phosphorous (P)-deficient diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, tibia related parameters, and immune responses of broiler chickens. A total of 280 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to 20 floor pens and 4 dietary treatments with 5 replicates. Dietary treatments consisted of starter diets (starter diet of treatment A: 1% Ca, 0.73% total phosphorus [tP]; starter diet of treatment B: 0.85% Ca, 0.64% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3 ; starter diet of treatment C: 0.85% Ca, 0.59% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3 ; starter diet of treatment D: 0.85% Ca, 0.54% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3), grower diets (grower diet of treatment A: 0.86% Ca, 0.68% tP; grower diet of treatment B: 0.73% Ca, 0.59% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3 ; grower diet of treatment C: 0.73% Ca, 0.55% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3 ; grower diet of treatment D: 0.73% Ca, 0.50% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3) and finisher diets (finisher diet of treatment A: 0.81% Ca, 0.64% tP; finisher diet of treatment B: 0.68% Ca, 0.56% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3 ; finisher diet of treatment C: 0.68% Ca, 0.52% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3 ; finisher diet of treatment D: 0.68% Ca, 0.48% tP þ 5 mg/kg of 1a-OH-D 3). Results showed that body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of broilers in treatment B were similar to those of broilers in treatment A at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). Broilers in treatments C and D had lower BWG and FI than those in treatment A during the whole trial (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio, carcass traits and relative weight of lymphoid organs were not affected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on antibody titers against Newcastle and Influenza disease viruses as well as sheep red blood cells. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on tibia ash and tibial dyschondroplasia score. Broilers fed CaP deficient diets had lower tibia Ca and P than those in treatment A (P < 0.05). In conclusion, results indicated that broilers fed CaP deficient diets supplemented with 5 mg/kg 1a-OH-D 3 failed to achieve the same tibia Ca and P values as broilers fed nonphytate phosphorus adequate diets.
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2010
A study was conducted to evaluate four different cholecalciferol levels (NRC; modified), using diets supplemented with 200 (control), 1500, 2500 or 3500 IU/kg of cholecalciferol (VIT-D3). Each treatment was assigned to 3 pens of 17 broiler chicks of a commercial strain grown in an open-sided house with sidewall curtains. At 21 and 42 days, BW and feed conversion (FCR) were determined. At 42 days, five birds per pen were slaughtered to evaluate tibia and toe ash of the right leg, and incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) of the left tibia and also measured dressing percentage and breast meat yield. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were also determined. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus and lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio were also determined. At both 21 and 42 days, the BW of birds fed 1500 IU/kg to 3500 IU/kg of VIT-D3 was significantly greater than birds fed 200 IU/kg. Similarly, better FCR was observed in birds those fed diets of high level of VIT-D3. No significant difference was observed for mortality at any age. Better dressing percentage and breast meat yield were noted in birds fed diets containing 2500 or 3500 IU/kg VIT-D3. Both tibia and toe ash contents were increased (p < 0.05) progressively with increased concentrations of cholecalciferol in feed. The incidence of TD (percentage of birds having TD scores greater than zero) was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by level of 3500 IU VIT-D3/kg at 42 days. The severity of TD in birds fed diets containing 200 IU/kg VIT-D3 was apparently higher than birds fed diets with higher levels of VIT-D3. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorus minerals in the serum increased progressively with the high level of VIT-D3 supplementation to birds at both 21 and 42 days of age. Feeding levels of 1500 or 3500 IU of vitamin D3 did positively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. It may be concluded that performance, bone mineralization, blood chemistry and immunity against disease in broilers could be maintained when supplementing high level of VIT-D3 incorporated in broiler diets.
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2010
A study was conducted to evaluate four different cholecalciferol levels (NRC; modified), using diets supplemented with 200 (control), 1500, 2500 or 3500 IU/kg of cholecalciferol (VIT-D3). Each treatment was assigned to 3 pens of 17 broiler chicks of a commercial strain grown in an open-sided house with sidewall curtains. At 21and 42 days, BW and feed conversion (FCR) were determined. At 42 days, five birds per pen were slaughtered to evaluate tibia and toe ash of the right leg, and incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) of the left tibia and also measured dressing percentage and breast meat yield. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were also determined. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus and lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio were also determined. At both 21 and 42 days, the BW of birds fed 1500 IU/kg to 3500 IU/kg of VIT-D3 was significantly greater than birds fed 200 IU/kg. Similarly, better FCR was observed in birds those fed diets of high level of VIT-D3. No significant difference was observed for mortality at any age. Better dressing percentage and breast meat yield were noted in birds fed diets containing 2500 or 3500 IU/kg VIT-D3. Both tibia and toe ash contents were increased (p < 0.05) progressively with increased concentrations of cholecalciferol in feed. The incidence of TD (percentage of birds having TD scores greater than zero) was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by level of 3500 IU VIT-D3/kg at 42 days. The severity of TD in birds fed diets containing 200 IU/kg VIT-D3 was apparently higher than birds fed diets with higher levels of VIT-D3. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorus minerals in the serum increased progressively with the high level of VIT-D3 supplementation to birds at both 21 and 42 days of age. Feeding levels of 1500 or 3500 IU of vitamin D3 did positively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. It may be concluded that performance, bone mineralization, blood chemistry and immunity against disease in broilers could be maintained when supplementing high level of VIT-D3 incorporated in broiler diets.
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two levels of vitamin D 3 with or without 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH) 2 D 3) on live performance and bone quality of broiler chickens. For that, we used a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with eight replicates of 30 Cobb ® 500 male broiler chicks each (n = 960). The two levels of vitamin D 3 and the addition or not of 0.5 µg 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 /kg were considered as main factors. The vitamin D 3 levels were: 2500/2000 IU/kg and 1250/1000 IU/kg for the starter (1 to 21 days) and grower (22 to 40 days) phases, respectively, with the first representing the levels used in industry (100%) and the second, a reduction in 50% of those levels. The 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 source was Solanum glaucophyllum. On days 21 and 40, one broiler per replicate was killed and long bones were removed for analyses of mineral percentage, bone mineral density, biomechanical properties, and morphology. No significant differences were found related to vitamin D 3 levels and the addition or not of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 for live performance, mineral percentage, strength, stiffness, and morphology. Toughness was lower when 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 was used at 21 days, but this effect was not observed at 40 days of age. Bone mineral density was greater when 100% of vitamin D 3 was used at 40 days of age. The reduction of up to 50% of vitamin D 3 levels is sufficient to ensure performance and bone development of broilers at 21 and 40 days of age. The inclusion of 0.5 µg 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 /kg in addition to diets with sufficient levels of vitamin D 3 shows no effect on the improvement of those parameters at the same ages.
International Journal of Poultry Science, 2008
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of calcium (Ca), nonphytate P (NPP), phytase (Phy) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH) on live performance and bone development in male chicks fed a corn-based diet. Dietary treatments consisted of a 2×2×4×4 factorial arrangements with two levels of supplemental phytase (0 or 1200 FTU kg), two levels of 25-OH (0 or 69 µg kg), four levels of Ca-1-1 (0.20% less than a 2:1 ratio of Ca to NPP; 2:1 ratio of Ca to NPP; 0.20% Ca greater than a 2:1 ratio of Ca to NPP; 0.40% Ca greater than a 2:1 ratio of Ca to NPP) and four levels of NPP (0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50%) for a total of 64 treatments. The primary basal diet was supplemented with a complete vitamin mix containing 5500 IU of cholecalciferol. Each diet was fed to six replicates per treatment; each pen having 6 birds. At 18 d birds were weighed, feed consumption determined and all birds killed for bone measurements. Toes from all birds within a pen were removed and ashed. Tibiae from both legs were removed and scored for incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia and for incidence of Ca or P rickets. Ca: NPP ratios and Ca levels similar or higher than NRC (1994) recommendations appear necessary for adequate bird performance. Phy supplementation improved FCR, whereas the addition of 25-OH to diets already containing 5500 IU kg of cholecalciferol had a negative effect on FCR due to a possible hypercalcemia condition. Bone-1 development was improved by increasing NPP and Ca levels. Moreover, supplementation with 25-OH was effective in reducing leg abnormalities. Addition of 25-OH helped to relieve leg problems when suboptimal Ca levels were supplied while Phy supplementation was effective for this purpose when high Ca levels were given. These additives could be seen as a strategy to alleviate problems with suboptimal Ca: NPP ratios.
Evidence of increased cholecalciferol requirement in chicks with tibial dyschondroplasia
Poultry Science, 1997
A series of experiments was conducted to test the hypothesis that vitamin D utilization may not be as efficient in chicks with tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). The basal diet contained 1.0% Ca and 0.45% available P with no supplemental cholecalciferol (D3). Chicks from low TD (LTD) and high TD (HTD) selected lines were fed diets supplemented with various levels of vitamin D compounds and examined for rickets and TD. When chicks were fed a D3-deficient diet containing only 1.25 micrograms/kg added D3, HTD chicks had a greater incidence of severe rickets than LTD chicks (P < 0.05). The LTD chicks did not exhibit TD when fed a diet containing adequate (20 micrograms/kg) D3. The LTD chicks fed a diet supplemented with 5 micrograms/kg D3, however, had 22% incidence of TD. When HTD chicks were fed diets supplemented with 5 micrograms/kg D3 [control diet that meets NRC (1994) requirement for D3], 20 micrograms/kg D3, 5 micrograms/kg 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] or the combination of both D3 (20 micrograms/kg) and 1,25-(OH)2D3 (5 micrograms/ kg), TD incidence was highest in HTD chicks fed the control diet. When HTD chicks were fed diets with an increased dietary level of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10 micrograms/kg) further reduction of TD incidence (P < 0.05) occurred. A potentially toxic level (Soares et al., 1983) of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (15 micrograms/kg) fed to HTD chicks resulted in still greater suppression of incidence of TD even though growth and feed intake in HTD chicks was greater than those of LTD chicks. It is concluded that the development of TD in HTD chicks is associated with subnormal ability to metabolize vitamin D.
Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 2018
Feed supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) has been studied as a means to decrease the incidence of bone abnormalities in broilers and reduce dietary inclusion of calcium and phosphorus. The objective of this research was to determine the optimal level of feed supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 from Solanum glaucophyllum for growing broilers restricted in calcium and available phosphorus. A total of 648 day-old male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments and six replications of 18 birds. Treatments consisted of one positive control (PC: corn-soybean-meal diet formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional recommendations), one negative control (NC: PC diet with 15% reduction of calcium and available phosphorus), and four NC diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 µg kg-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3. Performance and bone development characteristics were evaluated at days 21 and 33. Negative control did...