Studies on biotic , abiotc factors and seasonal population dynamics on the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton ( Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae ) in Middle Egypt (original) (raw)
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The seasonal abundance, parasitoid complex and percentage of parasitism of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were investigated in three grapefruit orchards in the eastern Mediterranean region in [2005][2006][2007]. Phyllocnistis citrella populations increased during summer months and declined during fall. During the study period, 2-3 peaks of both pest and parasitoid populations were detected on the summer shoots and 1-2 peaks on the fall shoots. At the experimental sites, 10 parasitoid species and unidentified individuals belonging to 2 genera were determined to attack P. citrella. Citrostichus phyllocnistoides Narayanan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was the most abundant parasitoid (72.8%), followed by Cirrospilus brevis Zhu, LaSalle & Huang (11.2%) and C. ingenuus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (7.1%). Sympiesis striatipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was determined for the first time as a parasitoid of P. citrella in Turkey. Parasitism ratio (%) ranged between 39.56-50.67% in Hatay, 42.60-47.61% in Adana and 35.60-41.25% in Mersin during the study years. The highest rates of parasitism were observed at the end of summer and in the fall. It was determined that percent parasitism was significantly correlated with increases of P. citrella density, but did not significantly differ among the study sites and years. The results show that C. phyllocnistoides has an important role among the P. citrella parasitoids present in Turkey due to its frequency.
Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2004
Seasonal abundance and parasitism of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton were investigated in controlled and uncontrolled citrus groves from June 2001 through May 2002 on Citrus iyo (iyotangor) in Ehime Prefecture. No significant difference in mean monthly frequency of P. citrella infestation and its parasitoids was found between controlled and uncontrolled groves. There were two peaks of P. citrella infestation, in July and October. These peaks were strongly related to favorable temperature for P. citrella development and continuous flushing of new shoots. At least seven species of the parasite wasps of P. citrella were observed, of which Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) and Sympiesis striatipes (Ashmead) were the predominant species. The population drastically increased from July to August, and also from October to November, which coincided with heavy infestation of P. citrella in the iyotangor grove. In spite of a high percentage of parasitism (about 70%) in summer and autumn, the damage to tender leaves was noticeable, because all native parasitoids attacked mature larvae and pupae of P. citrella after they had nearly completed their feeding period.
Menoufia Journal of Plant Protection, 2016
Selected citrus trees represented three varieties (noval orange , sweet orange and mandarin). The aim of this study was to monitor population fluctuation of citrus leaf-miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on noval orange, sweet orange and mandarin , as well as to know the effect of air temperature , relative humidity and dew point on population fluctuation of larvae. The obtained results revealed that number of P. citrella larvae /leaf were more on noval orange than sweet orange and mandarin trees. Phyllocnistis citrella populations increased during summer months and declined during fall and winter. During the study period, 4-5 peaks of pest populations recorded on the summer shoots and 1 peak on the fall and winter shoots. Statistical analysis of the obtained data show that there are positive correlation between population of P. citrella and each of temperature, relative humidity and dew point.
Archives of Biological Sciences, 2006
Research was conducted to determine whether Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) has any preference in attacking either the upper or the lower surface of the leaves of citrus trees. This investigation took place during the year 1999 at Marathon (Attica, Central Greece) while studying the dispersal of P. citrella on the leaves of three different types of citrus trees. Data on the overwintering and parasitism of P. citrella from different areas in Greece are also presented during the years 1999-2002. In addition, the effect of P. citrella infestationon imidacloprid-treated and untreated tangerine trees was comparatively studied. The parasitoids collected were Pnigalio sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), Cirrospilus sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)and Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan) (Hym., Eulophidae).
The citrus leaf miner (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidptera: Gracillariidae), is a potentially serious pest of citrus (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, grapefruit and other varieties) and related Rutaceae (kumquat and calamondin) and ornamen tal plants almost worldwide. Several other hosts (Leguminaceae, Lauraceae, Oleaceae etc.) have been reported for CLM, however larvae do not complete their life cycle on these incompatible hosts. CLM is a widespread Asian species, first described from Calcu tta, India. It has been a widely distributed major pest in citrus - growing regions of Asia for many years. In the last 20 years, leaf miners have invaded most of the citrus - producing regions of the world, including the Mediterranean Basin and North, Central , and South America. The citrus leaf miner larvae only infest the younger, flushing foliage causing damage in nurseries and new plantings because of which the growth of young trees is retarded. The pest damage has shown a 50% increase in citrus canker in o rchards infested with CLM. The total generation period of CLM fluctuates between 13 - 52 days with 2 - 10 days for egg hatching, 5 - 20 days of larval period and 6 - 22 days of pupal development and a temperature of 30°C is optimal for CLM development. Depending o n foliage flushing cycles and weather conditions 6 to 13 generations per year can be expected. Peak pest activity was noticed during September to November months. In the management of this pest chemical control and b iological control are the two key tools . The complex of natural enemies attacking CLM include ants, spiders, small parasitic wasps and predators such as lacewings cau sing up to 90 percent mortality of larvae and pupae . Three of the most effective wasps are Ageniaspis citricola and Cirrospilus quadristriatus and Semiolacher petiolatus. The parasitisation rate was lower in June and July, being higher from August onwards and highest during September month. Unfortunately, the "best" natural enemy may not be found until all natural enemies and their biologies are known. Effective chemical control of CLM is difficult because the larva is protected by leaf cuticle and the pupa is protected by rolled leaf margins. However many pesticides belonging to different chemical groups were tested and found effec tive in its management. Several reports indicated that, the foliar application provides control for two weeks. Several bio - rational pesticides were tested and found useful in CLM management. The biology and management methods were reviewed in detail in thi s paper.
Seasonal abundance of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (citrus leaf miner) was studied fortnightly in two sweet orange plots cv. Jaffa and Mosambi in Jammu from March, 2005 to February, 2008. Three population peaks were observed, first in April (spring flush), small second peak in July and third peak in September (autumn flush). The peaks so obtained coincided with the availability of new flush. Correlation analysis indicated that the percentage infestation was correlated significantly with maximum temperature and minimum temperature. Average rainfall showed a positive correlation with the population, but not average relative humidity. Populations of citrus leaf miners were also studied fortnightly on six different citrus cultivars, viz. grapefruit: Chakotra, lemon Eureka and Galgal (Citrus pseudolimon), limes: Sweet lime, Seedless lime and mandarin (Kinnow) from March, 2006 to February, 2007. Significant differences in the incidence of leaf miner were observed between different species of Citrus.
2006
A survey of parasitoids of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was carried out in the citrus orchards in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey during 1995-2001. Their relative abundance and rate of parasitism were also determined. Ten species of parasitoids were identified: Cirrospilus sp. nr. lyncus (Walker), C. pictus (Nees), C. variegatus (Masi), C. vittatus Walker, C. ingenuus Gahan, Ratzeburgiola incompleta (Boucek), Diglyphus isaea (Walker), Semielacher petiolatus (Girault), Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Neochrysocharis sp., Chrysocharis sp., Barycapus sp., Pnigalio sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and the Pteromalus sp. (Hym.: Pteromalidae) were also identified. Among these species, R. incompleta in 1995-1996 and C. sp. nr. lyncus in 1997 were the most dominant of all encountered species. In 1998, a new parasitoid species, C. phyllocnistoides, expanded to...
2021
The study was undertaken at the College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during Kharif, Rabi and summer season from July 2019 till June 2020 to understand the seasonality of citrus leaf miner on Coorg mandarin. Seasonal incidence revealed the prevalence of citrus leaf miner activity around the year. Roughly three broad peaks could be noticed during the IV week of July 2019, III week of October 2019 and II week of April 2020. The leaf miner activity was predominant from September to December 2019 and less during January and February 2020. Further, the correlation of weather parameters with citrus leaf miner incidence indicated that rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity had a non-significant effect. In contrast, maximum relative humidity had a positive and significant impact (r=0.301).
Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 2020
In citrus groves, beneficial insects that reduce abundance of pests are considered a key component of integrated pest management strategies. The aim of this article was to assess the biodiversity of parasitoids and predators in citrus orchards in Moroccoto facilitate future investigations on their potential as biocontrol agents. Data of 105 citrus beneficial insects were gathered and summarized in a data matrix. Variables such nature, target pests, type, establishment, and efficacy were assessed. More than two-thirds of parasitoids and predators species identified in citrus groves of Morocco (105 species) are native (> 70%). Both groups represent only a small fraction of the introduced species. The mostly attack armored scale insects (Diaspididae) and aphids (Aphididae). The ladybeetle Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is the first beneficial species introduced in 1921 to the Moroccan citrus orchards to control the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Mas...