Geochemical Evaluation Sediments and Water of Shurabil Lake, Northwest of Iran (original) (raw)
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A study on the Salt (Urmia) Lake in northwest of Iran focused on sediments lakebed
2019
Lake Urmia, as the largest and saltiest permanent lake in Iran, being also known as one of the world’s largest and saltiest lakes, has emerged after the last glacial period due to the tectonic activity of compressive faults specially Tabriz and Zarrineh-Rud faults in the northwest of Iran. This relatively young lake has stone foundation being composed of limestone and marlstone without any folding (Qom Formation) in Miocene Epoch on which about 30 meters of soft lake sediments are deposited. More than 80% of these deposits are chemical and evaporative along with mainly aragonite, calcite, and halite minerals with biological origin. The presence of clastic thin layers consisting of quartz, feldspar and kaolinite, especially at the entrance points of the rivers, indicates temporary climate change and lake salinity. The thickness of the evaporitic sediments has remarkably increased with depth decrease in the southern part of the lake along with the increase in evaporation, causing the ...
Study Clastic Sediments and Evaporite Deposits’ Changes in the Sedimentary Core Lake Maharlou, Iran
Modern Applied Science, 2016
The continental environments, lakes are proper for deposition locations of evaporites. Evaporite minerals are formed wherever the evaporation rate is more than incoming water to the basin. In this article the evaporate deposits (Calcite, Gypsum and Halite) are studied in a sedimentary core of Lake Maharlou, Zagros Mountains, South of Iran. The core sample treated for getting Magnetic Susceptibility values along with the core as well as basic sedimentological data including grain size, Total Organic Matter and carbonate contents. NaCl is determin ed by gravimetric analysis. Loss on Ignition is applied to measure and estimate the amount of (OC), (Ca) and (SO4) mineralogy of which is determined by SEM method. The exists a direct relation between evaporation deposit formation of lake water level reduction. Accordingly, the change in the sediment stratum indicating the level of evaporations. The results indicate a lower extant of gypsum than Ca and NaCl. The sequence of layers principle,...
Open Journal of Geology, 2016
A multidisciplinary study of the sedimentology, geochemistry and mineralogy has been conducted to understand the linkage between marsh and alluvial sediments and also their potential sources in Eynak marsh, North of Iran. The influence of the upstream potential sources on recent sediment geochemistry has been discussed based on geochemical, sedimentological and mineralogical results. A spatial grain size distribution study was carried out to investigate the hydrodynamic and deposition system of the marsh. So, the surficial sediment sampling was carried out to describe the sedimentological parameters and elemental geochemistry of sediments in Eynak marsh. Mineralogical complexes are mainly made up of felsic minerals such as quartz, calcite, feldspar, pyrite, mica, and clay minerals (in very low values) indicated by high amounts of Al, Ca, and Ni. As expected, the mineralogy of sediments is controlled mainly by the rock formations. Also sediment textures are controlled by the hydrodynamic condition in the marsh. So its distribution has been influenced by distance from the entrance sediments to Eynak marsh. The results showed that there are no enrichments related to fine grain sediment distributions. An association of Al with the trace elements such as Sc, Y, La, Ce, and Zr indicates that their distributions are mainly controlled by the felsic rocks in the upstream. On the other side, due to the waste water entrance to the marsh, Ni and Pb concentration could be under the effects of anthropogenic activities around the marsh. Results represented high values for Mn concentration (min 462, max 1784 and average 1037 ppm) and it showed a significant correlation with Ca, Sr, and Mg. A redox habitat and constantly calm hydrodynamic circumstance in the study area, likely cause high concentration of Ca, Sr, and Mg, and Mn. And they are representing negative correlations with some elements such as Al, Be, Fe, K, and Na.
Physicochemical characterization of sediments from Tajan river basin in the northern Iran
Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 2018
Continuous monitoring of water quality of freshwater bodies may prevent outbreak of diseases and occurrence of hazards through employment of effective protection measures. The aim of the current investigation was to determine occurrence of water and sediment pollution in Tajan River North Iran which ultimately may be a threat to recreational beaches of Caspian Sea. Water samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), bicarbonates, sulfates, cations, chlorides and heavy metals. The concentrations of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Similarly, sediment samples were assessed for physicochemical characteristics including pH, EC, saturation percentage, organic 2 matter, organic carbon, texture and cations. Overall, pH, EC, organic matter, and cation values were within acceptable limits according to USEPA water quality guidelines. However, phosphorus (P) concentration up to 5.6 mg/L was considered as "unsafe" which might result in undesirable eutrophication and increased accumulation of sediment organic content leading to excessive growth of algal species in riverine ecosystem. Heavy metal concentrations of Cd (0.08 ppm) and Pb (3 ppm) were above USEPA threshold limits which may consequently affect sustainability of Tajan River. The unacceptable levels of Cd, Pb and P may produce eutrophication of Caspian Sea coasts and damage the ecosystem.
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2018
This study concerns the mineralogy, spatial distribution and sources of nine heavy metals in surface sediments of the Maha-rlou saline lake, close to the Shiraz metropolis in southern Iran. The sources for these sediments were studied by comparing the mineralogy and the distribution of heavy metals, using multivariate statistical analysis (correlation analysis and principal component analysis). The geochemical indices, including geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI), were used to assess the degree of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) have also been applied to assess its toxicity. The XRD analysis shows that the main minerals of the surface sediments are aragonite, calcite, halite and quartz, with small amounts of montmorillonite, dolomite and sepio-lite. The total heavy metal contents in surface sediments decrease in order of Sr > Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > As > Cd and the average concentrations of Sr, Ni and As exceeded more than 10, 5 and 3 times, respectively, by comparing with the normalized upper continental crust (UCC) values. The results of pollution indices (Igeo, CF and PLI) revealed that strontium (Sr), nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) were significantly enriched in those sediments. Based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), Ni would infrequently cause toxicity. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the Ni, Co and Cr came mainly from natural geological background sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were derived from urban effluents (especially traffic emissions) and As originated from agriculture activities. Significant relationships of Sr with S, CaO and MgO in sediments suggest that Sr was derived from carbonate-and gypsum-bearing catchment source host rocks.
Carbonates and Evaporites, 2023
This study aims to investigate Sabzevar playa in the northeast of the Great Kavir in terms of geomorphology, bulk and clay mineralogy, as well as the geochemistry of core sediments from the surface to a depth of 1 m. The results suggest that up to 50% of Sabzevar playa is made of clastic components (mostly quartz and clay minerals), which increases toward the depth, though this trend is bucked by evaporite minerals (mostly gypsum, calcium carbonate, and halite). According to the mineralogical trend and geochemical evidence, Sabzevar brine has evolved into a Na-SO 4-Cl type. Granulometry studies suggest drastic fluctuations and higher energy costs during sediment deposition at a depth of 1 m compared to the surface. The micro-morphology of quartz grains is due to the windborne surface sediments and waterborne deep grains. A combination of clay mineralogy and geochemistry of elements exhibits a higher evaporation rate at the surface than at a depth of 1 m, suggesting that the area has witnessed a climate change from a warm humid climate in the past to a warm arid climate in recent years. Sabzevar playa is characterized by an unconventional Bull's-eye pattern with a concentration of calcite around the playa, gypsum in the center, and halite in the west. This research also explores the hydrological characteristics of the study area based on geomorphologic surfaces findings revealing that the groundwater level was higher in the west than in the center and east of Sabzevar playa, leading to the formation of halite and the development of a salt pan in the margin.
surface sediments of the Bakhtegan lake, Iran
2016
Concentrations of elements (As, Co, Cu, Ni, Mo, Pb, V, Cd, Cr and Zn) are studied in the surface sediments of Bakhtegan Lake, northwest of Nyriz City, Iran, to assess metal contamination. The average abundance order of trace elements content in Bakhtegan Lake sediments is Cr>Ni> V> Zn> Cu> Co> As> Pb> Mo>Cd. The comparison of trace elements concentration in Bakhtegan Lake sediments with toxicological reference values, reveal that the average concentration of As, Cr and Ni in the present sediments is higher than threshold effective level (TEL). Ni shows higher concentration than toxic effect threshold (TET) and probable effective level (PEL) values. The results of contamination factor (CF) based on background value reveal that Cr, Cu, Zn, V, Co, Pb, Mo, As and Ni have moderate and Cd has considerable contamination factor. The application of modified degree of contamination values (mC d) based on background and mean shale values indicate low and very low degree of contamination in sediment samples, respectively. The calculated EF values indicate that Cd in Bakhtegan Lake sediments is enriched compared to the background value. The strong association of Cr, Ni, Zn, Co, Cu, Pb, and V in sediments and high loading of these trace elements with clay, Mn and Fe (PC1) agree with the measured correlation coefficients indicating that Mn and Fe hydroxides and clay content play a significant role in the distribution and sorption of trace elements in sediments. The results of PCA for As and Cd indicate that these elements are influenced by anthropogenic activities.
2020
The depositional pattern of dry lake playa sediments in NE Iran was studied to characterize the surface morphology of the playa based on sediment mineralogy. About 12 topo-soil samples were excavated by hand auger. All topo-soils were collected in three landforms of firm-puffy ground, clay-carbonate crusts, and halite dominated saltpans, to be examined for mineralogy by XRD analysis and physicochemical properties in the lab. XRF analysis performed to define the major oxides of the sediments. Quartz and calcite were the main minerals over the playa. Also, halite and gypsum were the major minerals categorized in the sediments indicating the dominant evaporate process in the area. Based on the results, a high concentration of EC (>48 dS/m) was observed in the mid-southern and southern part of the playa. Besides, the high concentrations of CCE (>27 %) and pH (>9) were observed in the eastern and the western playa, verifying the primary detection of the playa’s three major geomo...
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
Quaternary sediments of the Haji Arab River catchment located in Qazvin Plain, northwestern Iran, were studied in terms of sedimentology and geochemistry to determine the sedimentary environment and rock weathering. Discrimination diagrams show that the source rock of these sediments is granite and their tectonic setting is the active continental margin. These rocks show a negative Eu anomaly and a high ratio of light rare earth elements to heavy rare earth elements, suggesting that these sediments are originated due to the weathering of felsic rocks. Regarding the descending trend of chemical index of weathering, chemical index of alteration values, and the increase in coarse-grained particles, it was concluded that the sediments from the depth of 6 to 2.6 m formed under arid and high-energy conditions; however, this trend for sediments from 2.6 m depth to surface changes slightly toward semi-humid up to semiarid climate. Hence, it can be stated that the conditions of sedimentation environments in the Haji Arab basin are not constant at least in the Upper Holocene (Schmidt et al. in Holocene, 2011.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak (interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size. Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by “Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.