Compatibility of elastomers in palm biodiesel (original) (raw)
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Degradation of physical properties of different elastomers upon exposure to palm biodiesel
Energy, 2011
Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, is gradually receiving more popularity for use in internal combustion engines. However questions continue to arise with regard to its compatibility with elastomeric materials. The present work aims to investigate the comparative degradation of physical properties for different elastomers [e.g. ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), silicone rubber (SR), polychloroprene (CR), polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and nitrile rubber (NBR)] upon exposure to diesel and palm biodiesel. Static immersion tests in B0(diesel), B10 (10% biodiesel in diesel), B20, B50 and B100(biodiesel) were carried out at room temperature (25 °C) for 1000 h. Different physical properties like, changes in weight and volume, hardness and tensile strength were measured at every 250 h of immersion time. Compositional changes in biodiesel due to exposure of different elastomers were investigated by Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The overall sequence of compatible elastomers in palm biodiesel is found to be PTFE > SR > NBR > EPDM > CR. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210007139 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360544210007139/1-s2.0-S0360544210007139-main.pdf?\_tid=456818bc-a9c6-11e3-8dad-00000aacb362&acdnat=1394615658\_11467657325c8dbbe591ecbe0816151a
A critical review on the tribological compatibility of automotive materials in palm biodiesel
Energy Conversion and Management, 2014
Although the compatibility of biodiesel with the key components of automobile engine such as cylinder, pistons, piston rings, connecting rods, bearings, etc. have posed a big challenge to tribologists, they have yet to come up with a solution to reduce tribological degradation of different metals as well as the used fuel. Some efforts have already been given to understand the corrosion and wear of automotive materials in diesel and biodiesel. It was found that though biodiesel is more corrosive than diesel, it provides better lubricity in terms of wear and friction. This finding has led us to the conclusion that the combined effect of wear and corrosion on materials and the consequent effect on biodiesel degradation could be crucial and yet to be investigated. The present study also highlighted some other relevant factors which showed notable implications on wear and corrosion in biodiesel. Those factors including auto-oxidation, moisture absorption, change in fuel properties (e.g. TAN number, viscosity, density, etc.) are found to have important influence for understanding the science behind tribology in biodiesel. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890413007784 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890413007784/1-s2.0-S0196890413007784-main.pdf?\_tid=3ae86950-a9c6-11e3-8dad-00000aacb362&acdnat=1394615640\_9f9d9d070fa769171fac2d14e69bb8ad
Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation
Applied Energy, 2013
During short term engine operation, renewable fuels derived from vegetable oils, are capable of providing good engine performance. In more extended operations, some of the same fuels can cause degradation of engine performance, excessive carbon and lacquer deposits and actual damage to the engine. Moreover, temperatures in the area of the injector tip due to advanced diesel injection systems may lead to particularly stubborn deposits at and around the injector tip. In this research, an endurance test was carried out for 250. h on 2 fuel samples; DF (diesel fuel) as baseline and PB20 (20% palm biodiesel and 80% DF) in a single cylinder CI engine. The effects of DF and PB20 on injector nozzle deposits, engine lubricating oil, and fuel economy and exhaust emissions were investigated. According to the results of the investigation, visual inspection showed some deposit accumulation on injectors during running on both fuels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed greater carbon deposits on and around the injector tip for PB20 compared to the engine running with DF. Similarly, lubricating oil analysis presented excessive wear metal concentrations, decreased viscosity and increased density values when the engine was fuelled with PB20. Finally, fuel economy and emission results during the endurance test showed higher brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and NO. x emissions, and lower HC and CO emissions, for the PB20 blend compared to DF. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0306261913005436/1-s2.0-S0306261913005436-main.pdf?\_tid=fb44ff2e-a9c6-11e3-a685-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1394615963\_580ff2c2aedd06e719dd211f966e28c1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261913005436
Fuel Processing Technology, 2010
Corrosive characteristics of biodiesel are important for long term durability of engine parts. The present study aims to compare the corrosion behavior of aluminum, copper and stainless steel in both petroleum diesel and palm biodiesel. Immersion tests in biodiesel (B100) and diesel (B0) were carried out at 80 °C for 1200 h. At the end of the test, corrosion characteristic was investigated by weight loss measurements and changes on the exposed metal surface. Surface morphology was examined by optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDS). Fuels were analyzed by using TAN analyzer, FTIR, GCMS and ICP in order to investigate the acid concentration, oxidation level with water content, compositional characteristics and presence of metal species respectively. Results show that the extent of corrosion and change in fuel properties upon exposure to metals are more in biodiesel than that in diesel. Copper and aluminum were susceptible to attack by biodiesel whereas stainless steel was not. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382010001293 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0378382010001293/1-s2.0-S0378382010001293-main.pdf?\_tid=033f99a6-a9c6-11e3-b018-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1394615547\_46ea9fa59989da67c96c6a71f8436f61
Effect of palm oil methyl ester and its emulsions on lubricant degradation and engine component wear
Lubrication Science, 2003
This paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl ester also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions, as alternative fuels, on unmodified indirect-injection diesel engine wear and lubricant oil deterioration compared with ordinary diesel (OD). A constant 2500 rpm engine setting at half throttle was maintained throughout the wear debris and lubricant oil analysis period for 20 h for each fuel system. Samples of lubricant oil were collected through a one-way valve connected to the crankcase sump at intervals of 4 h. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The same lubricating oil, a conventional SAE 30, was used for all experiments. A multi-element oil analyser was used to measure metal wear debris and lubricating oil additive depletion for the used lubricating oil. An ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D 445) and potentiometric titration (ASTM D 2896) were used to measure the viscosity and total base number, respectively. The lubricant oil analysis results for POD, OD, and their emulsions containing 10% water by volume were compared. Very promising results were obtained. The accumulation of metal wear debris in crankcase oil samples was lower with POD and its emulsion compared with the OD fuel. The addition of 10% water (by volume) to POD showed a promising tendency for wear resistance. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610211045826 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ls.3010160105/abstract
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011
Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, is composed of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters. In spite of having some application problems, recently it is being considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels in internal combustion engine. From scientific literatures, this paper has collected and analyzed the data on both advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel over conventional diesel. Since the aim of this study is to evaluate the biodiesel feasibility in automobiles, the first section is dedicated to materials compatibility in biodiesel as compared to that in diesel. The highest consensus is related to enhanced corrosion of automotive parts due to its compositional differences. In the subsequent sections, data on performance, emission and engine durability have been analyzed and compared. In this case, the highest consensus is found in reducing emissions as well as in increasing moving parts sticking, injector coking and filter plugging. This paper has also summarized the factors of biodiesel in contributing these technical performances. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110003448 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032110003448/1-s2.0-S1364032110003448-main.pdf?\_tid=f75f6c24-a9c5-11e3-b251-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615527\_684db9fd3c64f8d8c14da52223233a79
IJERT-Experimental Investigation on Compatibility of Elastomeric Materials with Biodiesel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2018
https://www.ijert.org/experimental-investigation-on-compatibility-of-elastomeric-materials-with-biodiesel https://www.ijert.org/research/experimental-investigation-on-compatibility-of-elastomeric-materials-with-biodiesel-IJERTCONV6IS16011.pdf The world is presently confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the forecasted future energy crisis. Biodiesel is proved to be the best replacement for diesel. Even though the biodiesel is considered as a better fuel than the fossil fuel, the automobile sector is not ready to accept biodiesel because of less research related to compatibility of materials with the biodiesel. This lags in the implementation of completely biodiesel engine in automobiles. This paper investigates the effect of biodiesel on elastomeric materials used in IC engine and to suggest suitable elastomeric material which is having higher compatibility with the biodiesel fuel. The the elastomeric materials like NBR, CR, EPDM, Silicone and Natural Rubber are immersed into the biodiesel and evaluating mechanical behaviors immersed at 750hrs. The experiments shows that the suitability of elastomers for biodiesel is NBR > CR > EPDM > Silicone > Natural rubber.
Palm oil and mineral oil based lubricants - their tribological and emission performance
Tribology International, 1999
A comparative study of wear, friction, viscosity, lubricant degradation and exhaust emissions was carried out on a palm oil and a mineral oil-based commercial lubricating oil. The wear and friction test was at first conducted using a reciprocating universal wear machine followed by a two-stroke gasoline Yamaha portable generator set, ET 950. The test conditions for the bench test were: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m s -1; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, ≅25 °C. The test conditions for the actual engine were: constant load, 0.4 kW for wear of the piston ring but various loads for exhaust emissions and constant speed, 2800 rpm. Analysis of post bench test lubricating oils was performed using ISL viscometer, TAN/TBN analyzer and FT-IR spectroscopy to investigate viscosity, TAN value and the oxidation level, respectively. Exhaust emission analysis was also performed using a BOSCH exhaust gas analyzer. Experimental results demonstrated that the palm oil based lubricating oil exhibited better performance in terms of wears, and that the mineral oil based lubricating oil exhibited better performance in terms of friction. However, the palm oil based lubricant was the more effective in reducing the emission levels of CO and hydrocarbon. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301679X99000523/1-s2.0-S0301679X99000523-main.pdf?\_tid=553b78aa-a9c7-11e3-a0d0-00000aacb362&acdnat=1394616114\_0b55dd59d8bfd087ecaa43860f72aea0 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X99000523