Association between smoking and minimal-mild depressive symptomatology in heavy smokers (original) (raw)
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Drug and alcohol dependence, 2017
After declining sharply for many years, the prevalence of smoking has remained fairly stable over the past decade. One possible explanation is that there has been an increase in the prevalence of barriers to cessation, like depression, among remaining smokers. To estimate changes in the prevalence of depression among current, former and never smokers in the United States (U.S.) population from 2005 to 2013 overall and by age, gender, and income. Data were drawn from the National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH), an annual cross-sectional study of persons ages 12 and over (N=496,805). The prevalence of past 12-month depression was examined annually among current (past 12-month), former (not past 12-month), and lifetime non-smokers from 2005 to 2013. Data were re-analyzed stratified by age, gender, and household income, and adjusted for demographics. Depression appears to have significantly increased in the United States from 2005 to 2013 among current, former, and never smokers. ...
PLOS ONE
Introduction Depression is a global burden that is exacerbated by smoking. The association between depression and chronic smoking is well-known; however, existing findings contain possible confounding between nicotine dependence (ND), a latent construct measuring addiction, and objective smoking behavior. The current study examines the possible unique role of ND in explaining depression, independently of smoking behavior. Methods A nationally-representative sample of current adult daily smokers was drawn by pooling three independent, cross-sectional, biennial waves (spanning 2011-16) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The association between ND (operationally defined as time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking) and the amount of depression symptoms was examined after adjusting for both current and lifetime smoking behaviors (cigarettes per day and years of smoking duration) and sociodemographic factors (gender, age, race, education and income to poverty ratio). Results Earlier TTFC was associated with more depression symptoms, such that those smoking within 5 minutes of waking had an approximately 1.6-fold higher depression score (PRR = 1.576, 95% CI = 1.324-1.687) relative to those who smoke more than 1 hour after waking. This relationship remained significant after adjusting for current and lifetime smoking behavior as well as sociodemographic factors (PRR = 1.370, 95% CI = 1.113, 1.687).
Smoking has physical and psychoactive effects, and heavy smoking is associated with depression
Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology
The effects of smoking on physical and mental health were assessed in a cohort of 3,376 middle-aged men by a health questionnaire, the Total Health Index, and by mortality risk ratio. Participants were grouped into the four following smoking classes: never smoked, smoke 1-19, 20-29, and ≥30 cigarettes a day. The Index has 15 physical and mental symptom scales that assess his perceived health of respiratory organs, digestive organs, short temper, depression, aggressiveness, et al. Each scale score was calculated as the sum of the positive number of symptoms, and a higher score indicates more symptoms. Starting from never smoked class, mean respiratory organ scale score increase linearly depending on the heavier smoking classes. Mean digestive organ scale score and the other three scale scores also showed linear dose-response relationship with the three classes of increasing number of cigarettes smoked a day. The other seven scale scores showed not a linear but J-shaped dose-response relationship. The never-smoked, smoke 1-19, and 20-29 cigarettes per day classes showed no increased response; only the heaviest class, smoke ≥30 cigs or more a day, had significantly higher mean scores for vague complaints, short temper, anxiety, depression, mouth, eye, and neurotics. Mortality risk of lung cancer was also high in heavy smokers (RR 3.71). Men of depression included more heavy smokers than the other non-depression men (P 0.0014). Key words：heavy smoking; physical health; mental effect; mortality risk; depression I. Introduction Smoking, a leading cause of lung cancer globally, has psychotropic effects, as well as a detrimental effect on physical health. Over the past 25 years, researchers have uncovered strong evidence for a relationship between smoking and health in many countries, including Japan, the US, Australia, the UK, France, Brazil, and Korea. 1-9) Associations between smoking and physical and mental health have been thoroughly examined in adolescents and people with psychiatric disorders. 10-15) In the present study, a questionnaire, the Total Health Index (THI) was used to assess the relationship of smoking classes and perceived physical and mental health 16,17) in a cohort of middle-aged men. We report smoking-related risks of depression and mortality of all causes of death and
Patterns of change in depressive symptoms during smoking cessation: Who's at risk for relapse?
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2002
The authors examined patterns of change in depressive symptoms during smoking cessation treatment in 163 smokers with past major depressive disorder (MDD). Cluster analysis of Beck Depression Inventory (A. T. Beck, C. H. Ward, M. Mendelson, J. Mock, & J. Erbaugh, 1961) scores identified 5 patterns of change. Although 40% of participants belonged to clusters characterized by increasing depressive symptoms during quitting (rapid increasers, n = 31, and delayed increasers, n = 35), almost 47% were in clusters characterized by decreasing symptoms (delayed decreasers, n = 24, and rapid decreasers, n = 52). Both rapid and delayed increasers had especially poor smoking cessation outcomes. Results suggest that among smokers with an MDD history there is substantial heterogeneity in patterns of depressive symptoms during quitting and that patterns involving increased symptoms are associated with low abstinence rates.
Dimensions of depressive symptoms and smoking cessation
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2008
Because different psychopathologic components of depressive symptoms may have distinct etiologies, examining their differential effects on smoking cessation may elucidate mechanisms underlying the smoking-depression relationship. Negative affect (NA), somatic features (SF), low positive affect/anhedonia (PA), and interpersonal disturbance (IP) have been identified as unique dimensions of depression that can be measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). This study examined common and unique associations between CESD subscales and baseline smoking characteristics, nicotine withdrawal, and relapse in 157 participants enrolled in a smoking cessation trial for heavy social drinkers. Each dimension was univariately associated with negative and positive reinforcement smoking motives. Only SF had unique relations with tolerance smoking motives and univariate associations with nicotine dependence severity. Only PA predicted cessation-related changes in withdrawal symptoms on quit day. Analyses predicting abstinence at 8, 16, and 26 weeks post quit date showed that NA, SF, and PA each univariately predicted relapse, ps≤.0083. Only low PA predicted poorer outcomes incrementally to the other dimensions, even when controlling for level of nicotine dependence, smoking frequency, and history of major depression, p=.0018. Interventions targeting anhedonia and low positive affect may be useful for smokers trying to quit.
Association of Environmental tobacco smoke exposure with depression among non-smoking adults
BMC Public Health
Background Depression is a psychological dysfunction that impairs health and quality of life. However, whether environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETSE) is associated with depression is poorly understood. This study was designed to evaluate the association of ETSE with depression among non-smoking adults in the United States. Method Using the 2015–2016 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we identified 2623 adults (females – 64.2%, males – 35.8%) who had never smoked and applied multivariable adjusted-logistic regression to determine the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) at P
Depressive Symptoms and Cigarette Smoking Among Teens
Pediatrics, 2000
We administered the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale to 547 San Francisco Latinos as part of a random digit dialing telephone survey to evaluate smoking behavior. Both men and women current smokers had the highest mean CES-D levels (9.7 and 14.3, respectively). Logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender, acculturation, education, age, and employment showed that current smokers had an odds ratio of 1.7
Single versus recurrent depression history: Differentiating risk factors among current US smokers
Drug and alcohol …, 2010
The strong relationship between persistent tobacco use and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has motivated clinical trials of specialized treatments targeting smokers with a history of MDD. Meta-analyses suggest positive responses to specialized treatments have been observed consistently among smokers with history of recurrent rather than a single episode of MDD. Approximately 15% of current US smokers have a history of recurrent MDD. Little is known about the risk factors that contribute to persistent smoking and differentiate these at-risk smokers. US.