Assessment Of The Effectiveness Of Institutional Linkages Between Agricultural Research And Extension Centeres In Khartoum State (original) (raw)
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FACTORS AFFECTING LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS -A REVIEW
The effective link among research, extension and farmers depends on multiple factors. In one stance, the linkage strength is influnenced by the personal and psychological factors of the concerned personnel. Also the organizational factors like goal of the organization, organizational climate, etc., external factors like government policy, donor agencies, farmers group etc., and varieties of the constraining factors have limiting effects on the linkage strength. The present review aptly highlights all such factors influencing the linkage strength.
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Research and extension are the main pillars of agriculture system and their effectiveness largely depends on strong linkage among each other. This paper is organized with specific objective of contributions and challenges in Research and extension linkage for agricultural transformation in Ethiopia. As different data approve that, the existing research-extension linkage is weak in Ethiopia. This very weak linkage has been major limiting factor in increased food productivity, agricultural transformation and sustainable development. Its well-coordinated and strong linkage can facilitate agricultural commercialization, promote sustainable agriculture and help to dissemination of useful Information. But it is mainly constrained with weak organization system, poor Infrastructural, lack of incentives for linkage activities, lack effective motivation system, poor communication, personal and psychological skills. So, government and any concerned bodies should be invested on establishing str...
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Research, extension and farmers are the three main pillars of agriculture system and their effectiveness largely depends on the strong linkages among each other. However, the existing research-extension-farmer linkages have been weak in developing countries including Ethiopia. Hence, the main objective of this review was to assess the causes of weak agricultural research, extension and farmers linkage in Ethiopia. The literatures indicated that the top down research and extension management, separated administration of research and extension institutions, lack of incentives for linkage activities, high turnover of development agents, poor infrastructural developments, lack of budgets for linkage activities and inadequate development agents skill were the main causes of weak research, extension and farmers linkages in Ethiopia. Therefore, policy and development intervention planners in Ethiopia should give due attentions to the allocation of adequate budgets and the provision of bett...
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A descriptive research design was used to study the effectiveness of research and extension linkages in the Volta Region of Ghana. An assessment of the research-extension linkage activities in the region indicated that attendance at farmers’ day celebrations, mini-demonstrations, on-farm trials and joint diagnosis of farmers’ situation were among the highly ranked activities by research scientists and extension agents as closely bringing farmers, extension agents and researchers together. However, joint priority setting and planning exercises which are activities the RELC undertakes were ranked low because prioritization of problem and needs of farmers at the zonal level ignored certain pressing needs of farmers at the district level. Problems perceived as hindering the research-extension linkages were differences in policy directives because research and extension belonged to separate ministries inadequate funds for to carry out research-extension linkage activities and inadequate ...
The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2018
There have been multiple mechanisms employed to improve research-extension linkages in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Improving access and adoption of agricultural innovation is the indirect outcome of the research-extension linkages. This study was conducted to describe existing linkages in terms of implementation and strength levels. Moreover, the study identifies factors affecting linkages and explores appropriate approaches to develop and strengthen sustainable research-extension linkages. Data were collected from122 research personnel and 221 extension workers from all regions of the kingdom. Data were generated by administering a structured questionnaire. Percentages, means, standard deviations, the critical ratio (C.R), and t-test were used as statistical tools. The results indicated a significant difference between extension workers and researchers regarding joint technology development and determining farmers' needs. It was observed that lack of physical/financial facilities and routine administrative work were among the factors inhibiting extension-research linkages. The study recommends several improvement measures, such as developing the provision of extension services by utilizing ICTs, forming a national coordination committee for planning, and merging research and extension into a single new administration.
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An assessment of the research-extension linkages indicated that attendance at farmers' day celebrations, mini demonstrations, on-farm trials and joint problem diagnosis of farmers' situation "ere among the highly ranked activities by researchers and extension agents as closely bringing farmers, extension agents and researchers together. On the other hand, joint priority setting and planning exercises, an activity which the RELC undertakes were ranked low because prioritisation of problems and needs of farmers at the zonal level ignored certain pressing needs of farmers at the district or local level. Problems perceived as hindering the research-extension linkages were differences in policy directives because research and extension belonged to separate ministries, inadequate or no funds for logistics support to enhance research-extension activities. and high costs of agricultural inputs which make it difficult for farmers to use technologies or adopt technology packages.
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A variety of theoretical models have been developed to show the interface between agricultural research and extension. The linkage between the parts of technology generation and technology transfer in a national agricultural system often involves more than two partners. It is desirable that these institutions would have a network of local influence through establishing research and extension stations and sub-stations, and defining the specific functions of research and extension to be conducted by these institutions. Farming systems research and extension and on-farm trials are considered the important techniques to link research and extension in these institutions. Partnerships, built on mutual trust and respect, are a key component in the development and delivery of successful research, education and extension programs. The linking of research, education and extension, along with input from producers, results in more relevant programs and more efficient utilization of resources. R...
AESON Proceedings, 2013
Some degree of synergy is required between the components of an agricultural knowledge and information system (AKIS) for normal flow of information, other resources, and effective functioning. This flow requires strong linkage mechanisms, which are essential for the technologies generated and their effective transfer to farmers and other end users. However, weak linkage with extension and with farmers had hindered the effectiveness of agricultural research in Nigeria. Even though progress was made in terms of researchextension interaction, much needs to be done in the area of linkage policies and mechanisms. Linkages with farmer organizations (FOs) are generally uncommon or nonexistent. Reference is often made to collaboration with farmers but not with FOs. A number of issues and problems were responsible for the slow development or absence of linkages, among which were the generally top-down approach to development and centralization of the decision making process within research and extension. This paper which partly emanates from illustrates the importance of strong linkages between agricultural research, FOs and extension services. It describes the linkage situation in Nigeria and in the context of the ongoing agricultural and economic transformation and marketorientation, identifies the leading issues and suggests way forward in favourof formation and strengthening of such linkages.