Surfing Momentum, Mass, Energy and Dark Matter (original) (raw)

Experimental Verification of New Definitions of Mass and Energy

2023

Based on a relativistic model for a quantum particle, the paper proposes a new definition of energy which takes into account the additional localised surfing motion of the particle on its phase surface which is perpendicular to its translational motion. The conventional relativistic formula for energy is found to be a limiting case for this new definition of energy when the characteristic parameter in the new energy formula is set to zero. For a particle at rest translationally, the two formulae yield the same energy, but in general for the same non-zero translational velocity they yield different energies, the difference being dependent on the value of the characteristic parameter. The new definition of energy prompts a definition of rest mass, m, which is the surfing momentum of the particle on its phase surface divided by c. The surfing energy of the particle is its surfing momentum multiplied by c. The surfing energy is therefore given by mc2 which has been conventionally understood as the rest energy. The theoretical analysis therefore shows from the new definition of energy how the link between surfing momentum and mass, and the link between surfing momentum and surfing energy (rest energy), lead to the well known relationship between rest mass and rest energy, without invoking electromagnetism. Surfing energy, though identical to rest energy, affords a more physically intuitive understanding than rest energy because it can be visualised. Surfing energy, validly understood as an internal kinetic energy of the particle, can be converted into other forms of energy which is accompanied by a reduction of the particle’s rest mass due to a simultaneous reduction in its surfing momentum. A certain kinetic energy range has been theoretically identified where the performance of the conventional equation linking energy and velocity (by Einstein) and the performance of the corresponding new equation can be best tested against experimental data. The dataset provided by Lund and Uggerhøj [13] has been used to demonstrate that, for the energy range given by the dataset, the proposed new relationship between kinetic energy and translational velocity is more consistent with the dataset than Einstein’s equation, if one allows for a systematic error in the ToF measurement. More experiments to be performed at the critical energy range will further clarify the comparison. Verification of the new theory will have significant implications for our understanding of dark matter and other questions in physics.

A Theory of Mass and Energy with Reference to Surfing Momentum1

2021

On the Quantities of Energy and Momentum in Contemporary Physics

2011

This paper discusses the meaning and role of the quantities of energy and momentum in the definition relations of relativistic, quantum and classical mechanics with focus on kinetic and total relativistic energy, on the definition of the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and using momentum and energy in Schrodinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equation.

Dark Matter and the Energy-Momentum Relationship in a Hydrogen Atom

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Einstein derived the energy-momentum relationship which holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable in the space inside a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Therefore, in 2011, the author derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron constituting a hydrogen atom. This paper derives that relationship in a simpler way using another method. From this relationship, it is possible to derive the formula for the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. The energy values obtained from this formula almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. However, the relationship derived by the author includes a state that cannot be predicted with Bohr's theory. In the hydrogen atom, there is an energy level with n = 0. Also, there are energy levels where the relativistic energy of the electron becomes negative. An electron with this negative energy (mass) exists near the atomic nucleus (proton). The name "dark hydrogen atom" is given to matter formed from one electron with this negative mass and one proton with positive mass. Dark hydrogen atoms, dark hydrogen molecules, other types of dark atoms, and aggregates made up of dark molecules are plausible candidates for dark matter, the mysterious type of matter whose true nature is currently unknown.

General Relativistic Velocity: The Alternative to Dark Matter

Modern Physics Letters A, 2008

We consider the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric ball of dust in the general relativistic weak gravity regime. The velocity of the matter as viewed by external observers is compared to the velocity gauged by local observers. While the comparison in the case of very strong gravity is seen to follow the pattern familiar from studies of test particles falling towards a concentrated mass, the case of weak gravity is very different. The velocity of the dust that is witnessed by external observers is derived for the critically open case and is seen to differ markedly from the expectations based upon Newtonian gravity theory. Viewed as an idealized model for a cluster of galaxies, we find that with the general relativistic velocity expression, the higher-than-expected constituent velocities observed can be readily correlated with the solely baryonic measure of the mass, obviating the need to introduce extraneous dark matter. Hitherto unexplained and subject-to-reinterpretation astrophysical phenomena could also be considered within this context. It is suggested that an attempt be made to formulate an experimental design at smaller scales simulating or realizing a collapse with the aim of implementing a new test of general relativity.

A Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Based on Relativizing Newton's Physics

The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question "what is dark matter made of?" has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which, large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside their galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given 2 recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1. At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter, such that the sum of their masses is equal to the body's mass at rest. 2. The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body's recession velocity (or redshift). 3. The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4. For redshifts z < 0.5, the universe is dominated by matter, while for redshifts z > 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter. 5. Consistent with observational data, at redshift z = 0.5, the densities of matter and dark matter in the universe are predicted to be equal. 5. At redshift equaling the Golden Ratio (z ≈ 1.618), baryonic matter undergoes a quantum phase transition. The universe at higher redshifts is comprised of a dominant dark matter alongside with quantum matter. 6. Contrary to the current conjecture that dark energy is a negative vacuum energy that might interact with dark matter, comparisons of our theoretical results with observational results of ΛCDM cosmologies, and with observations of the relative densities of matter and dark energy at redshift z ≈ 0.55, allow us to conclude that dark energy is the energy carried by dark matter. 7. Application of the model to the case of rotating bodies, which will be discussed in detail in a subsequent paper, raises the intriguing possibility that the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is mediated by the entanglement of their dark matter components.

MCS Physics Article 4: Energy

2011

I deduce that the interaction between EMPs and space "units" (hereinafter spacents) is the origin of Energy and that mass is nothing more or less than "amount of kinetic energy". This allows me to conclude that dark energy does not exist. I further deduce that the EMP is the minimal photon in nature and that EMPs move through space in the speed of light, not only when participating in photon constructions but also as constituents of fermionic matter. Fermionic matter does not exhibit, however, motion at the speed of light in the macroscopic scale of reality due to the spherical symmetry arrangement of the EMPs from which it is constructed. In the microscopic realm, however, fermionic matter is frenetically joggling at the speed of light. Accordingly, all universal matter is of zero rest mass. What we actually measure as the Mass of particles and bodies, is their light speed mass. Photons exhibit C in the macroscopic world due to their open non spherical structure. I postulate that statistically speaking, due to the relatively long idleness interval T 2 , elementary particle interactions are taken against a standing still universe.

A reexamination of the role of rest mass in special relativity

Spacetime & Substance, Vol. 5, No. 4 (24), pp. 163-171, 2004

The standard argument that a photon must have zero rest mass is usually accepted on faith. In this paper, a thought experiment is performed to reexamine the question of whether the rest mass of a photon is really zero. This experiment leads to the conclusion that the photon has zero rest mass. This is consistent with conventional expectations. However , the experiment also leads to the conclusion that the rest mass of an arbitrary object is also identically equal to zero. Clearly, this violates common sense, and requires further explanation. An outline of this explanation, based on the fact that mass is an apparent quantity (one which is expressed by an indeterminate mathematical expression) has already been presented, using the mathematics of indeterminacy. It is suggested here that the parameter β in the relativistic transformation equations defines a spacetime gauge of the type originally proposed by Weyl in 1918 that makes possible the constancy of the velocity of light. β is characteristic of a particular spacetime manifold, and its value for our spacetime is calculated. We use the value of β to extend the earlier explanation for observed nonzero rest mass of an arbitrary object by presenting the results of a calculation of the value of the experimentaly measurable rest mass and the inertial mass as a function of the de Broglie frequency. The electron is used as an example, and it becomes evident how an understanding of wave-particle duality can emerge from the symmetry between wave and particle properties which characterizes Nature when viewed through a model based on matter waves.

Dark Matter Has Already Been Discovered

Applied Physics Research

The energy-momentum relationship in the special theory of relativity (STR) holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable to an electron in a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Using three types of methods, the author has already derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to an electron in a hydrogen atom. In the past, Dirac asserted that Einstein’s relationship has negative solutions. This paper too obtains negative solutions (energy) from the derived relationship using Dirac’s reasoning. However, the discontinuity peculiar to the micro world is not incorporated into that solution. Thus discontinuity is incorporated into the solution by using a new quantum condition already derived by the author. Next, the orbital radius of an electron with negative energy in an absolute sense is found, and that radius is compared with the orbital radius of an electron in an ordinary hydrogen atom. A search is conducted for experiments su...

On the concept of relativistic mass

Within the past fifteen years the use of the concept of "relativistic mass" has been on the decline and has been replaced by the concept of "proper mass" (aka "rest mass") - ?simply referred to as "mass" and labeled "m" by its proponents. This decline in usage appears to be due to arguments presented in several journal articles over the last thirty-five years, as well as to standard practices in the field of particle physics. The aforementioned debate consists of arguments as to how the term "mass" should be defined to maximize logic as well as to be less confusing to the layman and people just starting to learn relativity. Lacking in the debate is a clear definition of all types of mass and all its usages in a wide variety of cases. The purpose in this article is to bring a unifying perspective to the subject. In doing so I will explore those things omitted from previous articles on this subject including the importance of point particles vs. extended objects; open vs. closed systems and gravitational mass. Although I argue for the usage of relativistic mass I do "not" argue that proper mass is not an important tool in relativistic dynamics.

Surfing Momentum, Mass, Energy and Dark Matter (original) (raw)

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