Smart Power Grids (original) (raw)

Challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2020

The development smart grids have made the power systems planning and operation more efficient by the application of renewable energy resources, electric vehicles, two-way communication, self-healing, consumer engagement, distribution intelligence, etc. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed comprehensive review of challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid. Smart grids are transforming the traditional way of meeting the electricity demand and providing the way towards an environmentally friendly, reliable and resilient power grid. This paper presents various challenges of smart grid development including interoperability, network communications, demand response, energy storage and distribution grid management. This paper also reviews various issues associated with the development of smart grid. Local, regional, national and global opportunities for the development of smart grid are also reported in this paper. 1. INTRODUCTION Smart grid (SG) technologies are vital to meet world's vast and growing electricity needs. Smart grids (SGs) are transforming the traditional way of meeting the electricity demand and providing the way towards an environmentally friendly, reliable and resilient power grid. Micro grids operate at the distribution level, and they are natural innovation zones for the Smart Grid (SG) because they have experimentation scalability and flexibility, and delivers power is a local area. SG contains protection against the cyber attacks, interoperability and designed for pricing in real-time [1]. Super grid is a high voltage DC transmission and capacity to minimize losses and enhance reliability. MGs operates as a standalone or as a grid-connected system. Microgrid (MG) technology is not equipped with automation and communication support. Further work is required to enhance self-healing, reconfigurable, adaptive and predictive capability. MG includes special purpose inverters enabling it to link to the legacy grid and contains special purpose filters build to overcome issues with harmonics, while improving power quality and efficiency [2]. Various characteristics of SG include optimizing the asset utilization and efficient operation is presented in [3]. Increased renewable power penetration, electricity markets participation throughout the world will realize new opportunities for the cost-effective smart grids controls and energy storage at all scales. These changes, coupled with increased consumer awareness and participation will lead to a new paradigm in energy system analysis that must also be accounted for energy security, stability and reliability. The SG will incorporates new networking technology, including controls and sensors, from this the electricity can be monitored in real time and can be made automatic changes which will reduce the energy waste [4].

Promises and Pitfalls of Smart Grid

Electric Power Struggles, 2015

Electricity is vital to the commerce and daily functioning of United States. The modernization of the grid to accommodate today's uses is leading to the incorporation of information processing capabilities for power system controls and operations monitoring. The "Smart Grid" is the name given to the evolving electric power network as new information technology systems and capabilities are incorporated. While these new components may add to the ability to control power flows and enhance the efficiency of grid operations, they also potentially increase the susceptibility of the grid to cyber (i.e., computer-related) attack since they are built around microprocessor devices whose basic functions are controlled by software programming. The potential for a major disruption or widespread damage to the nation's power system from a large scale cyberattack has increased focus on the cybersecurity of the Smart Grid. Federal efforts to enhance the cybersecurity of the electrical grid were emphasized with the recognition of cybersecurity as a critical issue for electric utilities in developing the Smart Grid. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) received primary responsibility for the reliability of the bulk power system from the Energy Policy Act of 2005. FERC subsequently designated the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) as the "Electric Reliability Organization" (ERO) with the responsibility of establishing and enforcing reliability standards. Compliance with reliability standards for electric utilities thus changed from a voluntary, peer-driven undertaking to a mandatory function. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) later added requirements for "a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure" with regard to Smart Grid development. NERC is also responsible for standards for critical infrastructure protection (CIP) which focus on planning and procedures for the physical security of the grid. Self-determination is a key part of the CIP reliability process. Utilities are allowed to self-identify what they see as "critical assets" under NERC regulations. Only "critical cyber assets" (i.e., as essential to the reliable operation of critical assets) are subject to CIP standards. FERC has directed NERC to revise the standards so that some oversight of the identification process for critical cyber assets was provided, but any revision is again subject to stakeholder approval. While reliability standards are mandatory, the ERO process for developing regulations is somewhat unusual in that the regulations are essentially being established by the entities who are being regulated. This may potentially be a conflict of interest, especially when cost of compliance is a concern, and acceptable standards may conceivably result from the option with the lowest costs. Since utility systems are interconnected in many ways, the system with the least protected network potentially provides the weakest point of access. Cybersecurity threats represent a constantly moving and increasing target for mitigation activities and mitigation efforts could likewise spiral upward in costs. Recovery of costs may present a major challenge especially to distribution utilities and state commissions charged with overseeing utility costs. EISA only requires states to consider recovery of costs related to Smart Grid systems. FERC has jurisdiction over the bulk power grid, and cannot compel entities involved in distribution to comply with its regulations. Recoverability from a cyber attack on the scale of something which could take down a significant portion of the grid will likely be very difficult, but maintaining a ready inventory of critical spare parts in close proximity to key installations could quicken recovery efforts from some types of attack. The electricity grid is connected to (and largely dependent on) the natural gas pipeline, water supply, and telecommunications systems. Technologies being developed for use by the Smart Grid could also be used by these industries. Consideration could be given to applying similar control system device and system safeguards to these other critical utility systems.

Smart grid (SG) properties and challenges: an overview

Discover Energy

The electric power system is undergoing considerable changes in operation, maintenance, and planning as a result of the integration of Renewable Energy Resources (RERs). The transition to a smart grid (SG), which employs advanced automation and control techniques, brings with it new difficulties and possibilities. This paper provides an overview of next-generation smart grids by presenting the most current and cutting-edge developments in the SG sector. This paper discusses the benefits, drawbacks, and prospects of smart grids. The difficulties of integrating RERs into the grid, as well as alternative energy storage solutions, are discussed. The unpredictable nature of resources has an impact on RER output. The energy storage system is critical in dealing with RERs’ unpredictable nature and ensuring a smooth and reliable supply to load demand. Smart energy systems provide a number of problems and possibilities in terms of developing, integrating, and implementing electrical grids th...

Smart Grid for a Sustainable Future

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2013

Advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and information communication technology (ICT) have facilitated the development of integrated electrical power systems for the future. A recent major issue is the need for a healthy and sustainable power transmission and distribution system that is smart, reliable and climate-friendly. Therefore, at the start of the 21 st Century, Government, utilities and research communities are working jointly to develop an intelligent grid system, which is now known as a smart grid. Smart grid will provide highly consistent and reliable services, efficient energy management practices, smart metering integration, automation and precision decision support systems and self healing facilities. Smart grid will also bring benefits of seamless integration of renewable energy sources to the power networks. This paper focuses on the benefits and probable deployment issues of smart grid technology for a sustainable future both nationally and internationally. This paper also investigates the ongoing major research programs in Europe, America and Australia for smart grid and the associated enabling technologies. Finally, this study explores the prospects and characteristics of renewable energy sources with possible deployment integration issues to develop a clean energy smart grid technology for an intelligent power system.

Challenges in Implementing Smart Grid in Power Systems

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Nano Technology (IJAENT), 2015

Electricity, considered by most to be energy, is actually an energy currency. Power collected from a variety of sources, such as falling water, burning fuel, wind and solar is used to create electricity for delivery to customers. Electricity has proven to be a convenient and efficient means of delivering energy. Electricity is delivered at the speed of light and is consumed the instant it is created. There is no means to store electricity without converting it to another form of energy. As a result, the demand for power, driven by users, must match the supply of power from the available sources (e.g. generators and energy storage devices) at all times. As the Smart Grid continues to evolve, and demandside management, which is available today, builds on its growing reputation as a cost-effective way for industrial users to manage energy usage and costs, buy-in from both residential and industrial consumers will become simpler. In this paper we have discussed use of ICT in Smart Grid, concept of Smart Grid, Goals and Objectives of Smart Grid, Characteristics of Smart Grid, Smart Grid Applications and Services, and Challenges in Smart Grid.

SMART GRIDS -A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW

This paper presents a discussion of the future of the electric energy system, addressing the entire spectrum from power generation, through substations, to distribution, the customer, and the feedback loops along the way necessary to provide the computational intelligence necessary to make the "Smart Grid". The need for updating the electric energy infrastructure and constructing such Smart Grids globally has been acknowledged by both the federal and state governments. We are amid a historic paradigm shift, with the chance to put new, smarter processes in place for producing, distributing, delivering, and consuming electricity in a way that is significantly more sustainable, efficient, and versatile.

Smart Power Grid Tech & Applications.pdf

The fundamental way of operating the power grid has not changed for the past century. It has remained essentially the same, although the number of consumers and their needs have grown exponentially. Utilities across the world are trying to figure out how to bring the network into the 21st century and the digital computer age. This effort will make the power grid more intelligent; the latter is broadly referred to as the smart grid (SG). However, while modern technologies have transformed much of the economy, the electric industry and in particular the distribution grid has not yet embraced or implemented these technologies. This paper reviews works related to smart grid, presents the need for smart grid technologies by identifying its benefits along with different areas of its application for the realization of reliable and efficient grid structure. Proper utilization of these technologies could bring improvement to the operation of smart grids and possibly eliminate the challenges they encounter. SG makes use of information and communication technology (ICT) to take care of the reliability impact of the smart grid resources such as renewable energy, demand response, energy storage and electric transportation [1], . The SG must be connected to a secure two-way communication network with energy management tools which is essential for the aggregation of data coming from a very large number of sensors and actuators nodes. The communication network is the key enabler needed for the achievement of SG. Communications provides advanced control and monitoring, including supporting the involvement of generation, transmission, marketing and service provision to new concerned groups .