The state strikes back: A study of Spain’s counter-paradiplomacy in Catalonia (original) (raw)

Relations Internationales, 2019

Abstract

Sub-state governmental actors are increasingly engaging in paradiplomacy to promote their interests internationally. Yet, not all paradiplomatic engagement has the same reception on the international stage. In fact, in some cases, particularly those with secession undertones, sub-state actors encounter friction and obstruction to their paradiplomacy, typically from state-level foreign policy; a process that we term counter-paradiplomacy. This article focuses on the paradiplomatic strategies pursued by Catalonia, and the corresponding counter-paradiplomatic measures employed by Spain during the turbulent period of 2012–2017. It argues that Catalonia’s paradiplomatic objectives have been severely affected by Spain’s counter-paradiplomatic strategies, and that these strategies have become a pillar of Spain’s foreign policy.

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