Emigration of the Punjabi Dalits to the Middle East (original) (raw)
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Social Structural Changes In A Punjabi Village A Sociological Revisit After Over Five Decades
2013
This study is a sociological revisit of a Punjabi village in Pakistan after over 50 years. The village was previously studied by Eglar (1960). Since then no viable research is conducted to throw light on changes in social structural aspects of the village. Keeping this in view, we designed a retrospective longitudinal study on changes in various social institutions from 1960s through 2008. To understand changes in the social structure in a holistic way, institutions covered in this study are caste system, marriage and family, gender roles, decision making, traditions, belief system and leisure. For objectivity and representativeness of the results, quantitative data was collected through a probability sample survey. An extensive, complex and comprehensive interview schedule was developed to interview persons, age 55 + years. These persons are assumed to have observed changes during the study period. Of all the households in the village (350), every second household was systematically selected resulting in 109 respondents. Our findings are based on descriptive, trend and regression analyses of the data. Our results show that social structure of the village has changed substantially since 1960. The transition in traditional stratification structure started in 1970s leading to significant changes in 1990s and onwards. This shift from traditional to nontraditional occupations occurred mainly due to infrastructure, international migration and education, in about that order. Influence of caste on various social aspects (except marriage) declined significantly in 1990s and onwards. During the same time period, class system has partially replaced the rigid caste system in the village. Overall, caste system has weakened primarily due to economic factors. Our data shows that most of the marriages were taking place between close relatives from 1960s through 1980s. Substantial decline in these marriages was replaced
REVISITING PARTITION OF INDIA 1947 - THE VOICE OF DALIT REFUGEES
International Journal of Social Science and Economic research, 2019
Caste is an integral part of Indian society, this understanding cannot be overlooked when dealing with discourses on the oppressed, marginalised and excluded. Historians and scholars have engaged with the socio-political and economic impact of partition on the sub-continent ever since the sub-continent was divided. Refugees, especially those from the marginalised sections of society namely dalits, have recently been a topic of discussion and exploration when interrogating partition of India, 1947 and its aftermath. Menon, Bhasin, Butalia and Karuna Chanana have exactly done that on the gendered naratives of partiton refugees through personal interviews and so have traced the histories of woman refugees from Punjab. However, the present paper intends to tell a different story while archival records have been used in the paper to weave the story of how, when and if all Dalit refugees migrated to the East, post Partition, oral history has been used a tool to explore the experiences of the hitherto ignored history of the Dalit refugee with reference to the Partition of India, 1947 ( in this case Punjab and Delhi). The paper studies a Dalit refugee colony of Jalandhar Punjab where a large number dalit refugees belonging to Megh community, evacuated from Sialkot by the Indian government were resettled at this colony (Bhargava Camp Jalandhar). The paper will study the experiences of surviving dalit refugees of this colony, through oral history. Lastly, the paper is therefore an attempt to include the history of these refugees who have till now largely been outside the paradigm of the largest migration of history.
Dalits of Jammu Division Through the lens of Education, Health and Employment
Research Guru, 2018
In the current investigation, the researcher attempted to study some of the welfare policies for Scheduled Castes and their implementation at the grassroots levels in the Jammu Division of Jammu and Kashmir. From 1989 the state came under the flames of the violence that results that all the state energy were used to curb this violence, and other vital dimensions were almost out of the priority. Among the issues, the development of the scheduled castes is one of grave concern in the state of Jammuy and Kashmir as these people suffer a lot in the various walks of the life. The three districts viz. Jammu, Udhampur and Doda of the Jammu Division were selected purposely as these districts have significant concentration of Scheduled caste households. The sample for the study was 367 respondents selected by the proportionate sampling technique. The study reported that most of the respondents are linked with the labor, followed by the Agriculture and Government service. The study also showed that there is a vast unawareness about the welfare programmes among the respondents. The study further reported that at the grassroots level the plans especially for the welfare of scheduled caste are not as much implemented and also found the enormous negligence of the government agencies.
Socio-Economic Status of Dalits Community in Sindhuli District
Patan Pragya
This study is based on Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli District. There are 56 households of Dalit (Damai 29 and Kami 27) in this area. The census method was used in the study where, total population is 365 from 56 households. Among them, 172 were male and 193 were female. The general objectives of this study are to identify demographic and socio-economic status of Dalits and to find out causes of deprivation of Dalits people in the community. They worked as agricultural labour and service work. Their income is less than their expenditure. Most of them are uneducated but nowadays, the level of education has increased so that their children go to school and college. Only 39 percent were literate and only 7 percent Dalits have passed SLC and +2. They give priority on arrange marriage. Youth generation doesn't like the traditional occupation and skills. They use a lot of alcohol (Jaad and Raski) in the festivals and rituals ceremony however the economic condition of Dalit is poor s...
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF MIGRANTS IN A BLOCK IN EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH
Introduction:-A scrutiny of the basic characteristics of India's population reflects a macro environment conducive to the increased transmission and incidence of HIV/AIDS and STIs. In many societies, it is reflection of increased sexual mixing at an age associated with general experimentation in all aspects of life. India has noted a decline in the proportion of older and elderly people; however the population remains young with 36% aged below 15 years (IIPS, 1995). Material and method:-Six villages from Chiraigaon block within 2kms of Rural Health & Training Centre, IMS, BHU were selected namely Bariyasanpur, Barai, Rustampur, Umraha, Sandaha, and Khanpur & complete enumeration was done for conducting the present study to document the extent of migration in this part of country. A total number of 145 households were visited and out of which 220 were found working outside from the above mentioned villages. Result:-Among six villages overall migrants were 1.52%.Maximum number of migrant were from Umraha (2.28%) followed by 2.02% in Bariyasanpur, 1.78% in Sandaha, 1.29% in Khanpur,1.41 % in Barai, and least number of migrant were from Rustampur 0.76%.Out of total migrants 97.3% were males while 2.7% were females. More than half (60.45%) of migrants were below age of 34 years and 39.55% of migrants were above the age of 35 years Majority of migrants were married (76.8%) followed by 20.9% who were unmarried. Most of the migrants (57.3%) had been away from home since 5 years or less. 27.3% of migrants had migrated since 6 years and above while 6.4% had migrated since >10 years. Uttar Pradesh (33.6%) and Maharashtra (33.2%) contributed almost similar no. of migrants while 13.2% of migrants were working in Gujarat. Majority of migrants (60.9%) migrated because of poverty or in search of better opportunities followed by 36.4% who migrated under villagers' influence. Most significant finding observed was that sizable proportion of migrants (44.1%) could not send any remittance to their household and 40% of migrants could send less than 2000 per month. Only 15% of migrants could send remittance in excess of 2000 per month. Further analysis was done by spss 19 version.
Change in Lifestyle of a Punjabi Village under Remittances from Abroad: A Case Study of Pannu Attari-District Sialkot, Pakistan, 2018
Migration is responsible for social transformation in the place of emigrants’ origin and destination. Migration entails fundamental social, cultural, economic, political and psychological change in a society. Results and influence of migration could be translated through qualities of emigrants and their productivity. In the village Pannu Attari, people have migrated internally as well as internationally. Currently, trend of overseas emigration is more common in the village. Remittances by these migrant workers have been influencing the socio-cultural and economic framework of the village. Impact of remittances could be gauged through their consumption pattern. In the village, major portion of the remittances is consumed on house construction, showcasing improved living and raised class status of emigrant’s families. But, under the influence of availability of more money and better living facilities, people in the village are getting distant from the good social values and ethics Such as value of harmony and brotherhood among people. Moreover, in contrast to social hierarchies of the past based on caste system the village is now divided on grounds of class. Indeed, remittances have played a positive role in enhancing lives of emi-grant’s families, yet they have contributed little towards the overall socio-economic situation of the village. Resultantly, increasing economic disparities between emigrants and non-emigrant’s families have encouraged the latter to seek emigration. In short, emigration has transformed the basic physical and psychological framework of the village.
The Journal of Migration Affairs (TISS), 2019
This paper studies the 1947 Partition of India, more specifically the Partition of Bengal, which took place along with the Independence of India and Pakistan. Discourses around the Partition— an event of enduring socio-political significance — have predominantly focused on the moment of rupture that compelled individuals as well as their families to cross the Radcliffe Line. A common critical consensus is that the two most dominant themes that characterise the 1947 Partition are trauma and nostalgia, and these have multiple connotations for those who migrated during the Partition. This paper focuses on the Partition of Bengal and the argument that the vivisection of land initiated a process of cross-border migration that continued unabated for three decades. While scholars have mostly studied cross-border migration in Bengal against the backdrop of nationalism and nation-state formation, the paper intends to study the life-stories of refugees to determine if it is empirically productive to think of migration in terms of caste and not just the nation-state parameter. This paper studies caste against the backdrop of the Partition but does not restrict itself to a chronological reading of the history of caste in Bengal; rather it attempts to move beyond its epistemological determinations to see how ‘lived experiences’ can lead to an alternate canon formation that might interrogate the way narratives of displacement have been studied so far.