Italian Regionalism and the Federal Challenge (original) (raw)

Abstract

ii Acknowledgements iii Table of contents iv Introduction to the thesis 1 PART I – THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: FEDERALISM, REGIONALISM AND SUB-STATE NATIONAL THEORY CHAPTER I – AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF FEDERAL THEORY AND NEW FEDERAL ARRANGEMENTS Introduction 32 Section I – An intellectual history of federal theory 36 1. Defining concepts and historical framework 36 2. The emergence of federalism in modern times 40 Section II – Exploring federalism and federal schemes 66 1. Federalism as a spectrum of federal possibilities 66 2. Common elements of federations 69 3. New federal arrangements 74 4. Asymmetrical federations 80 5. Multinational federations 82 6. Dynamics of federalism 84 Conclusion 87 CHAPTER II – THEORIES OF REGIONALISM. THE REGIONAL STATE AND THE ITALIAN CASE STUDY v Introduction 88 Section I – Theories of regionalism 94 1. Preliminary remarks 94 2. Defining regionalism 96 3. Elements identifying a regional state 104 4. The regional state as a “quasi-federal” model 120...

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (538)

  1. Burgess, Comparative Federalism, cit., pp. 54-55.
  2. Burgess, Comparative Federalism, cit., p. 55.
  3. Introduction to A. Hamilton, J. Madison & J. Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York & London: Pocket Books, 2004), p. vii [Publius, Federalist papers].
  4. A. Hamilton, "Federalist no. 22" in Publius, Federalist Papers, cit., p. 155. See also "Federalist no. 23" where Hamilton reiterates this concept by saying that there is "an absolute necessity for an entire change in the first principles of the system" (ibid., p. 159).
  5. Schütze, From Dual to Cooperative Federalism, cit., p. 23 (of the e-book).
  6. Schütze, From Dual to Cooperative Federalism, cit., p. 27 (of the e-book).
  7. B. Caravita, "Federalismi, Federalismo Europeo, Federalismo Fiscale" (2011) (available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIALE\_040520110953 37.pdf&content=Federalismi,+federalismo+europeo,+federalismo+fiscale&content_auth=Beniamino+Caravita) [Caravita, Federalismi]. This idea is reiterated in Caravita, Lineamenti, cit., p. 63.
  8. Caravita, Federalismi, cit.
  9. Caravita, Federalismi, cit. In fact, as noted above, a federal model was recommended by the US for post-Saddam Iraq, and by the UN for Sri Lanka, Cyprus and Palestine (ibid.).
  10. Burgess, Comparative Federalism, cit., p. 230.
  11. Burgess, Comparative Federalism, cit., p. 230. member states should be seen as "process of subsidiary (re)articulation of competences." 237 In fact, for Caravita, only subsidiarity can explain the "role of municipal and local autonomies" since "the traditional federal states (USA, Canada, Australia) do not foresee a constitutional guarantee for local authorities in the Federal Constitutions, being local autonomies [a] matter of State Constitutions, whereas the European federalism and regionalism […] offer a constitutional guarantee also to the sub-regional autonomies." 238 And this is true for most of EU countries: traditional federations like Germany, Austria or Belgium; the autonomous communities of Spain; Italian regionalism; the asymmetric regionalism implemented in the United Kingdom; French and Polish regions entrusted with more political and administrative powers; experiences of regional schemes as "intermediate level between State and local authorities" (like in Portugal, Sweden, Finland, Greece and Romania) or "municipal authority" (the Netherlands and Denmark). 239
  12. Asymmetrical federations Within the same federation, the level of homogeneity among the constituent sub-units might differ due to economic, social, linguistic, or religious disparities. Scholars have identified these particular situations as examples of "asymmetrical federalism." 240 In other words, in its original theorization, symmetrical federalism referred to the situation whereby component units
  13. Caravita, Federalismi, cit., Caravita includes in this trend also Swiss federalism, although Switzerland is not part of the European Union.
  14. B. Caravita, "The Italian Challenge between Federalism and Subsidiarity" (2010) (available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=The+italian+challenge+betwee n.pdf&content=The+italian+challenge+between+federalism+and+subsidiarity&content_auth=Beniamino+Caravita) [Caravita, The Italian Challenge].
  15. Caravita, The Italian Challenge, cit.
  16. Swenden, Federalism and regionalism, cit., p. 63; Watts, Typologies of federalism, cit., p. 28; C. Tarlton, "Symmetry and Asymmetry as Elements of Federalism: A Theoretical Speculation (1965) 27 Journal of Politics 861 et seq. [Tarlton, Symmetry and Asymmetry].
  17. 241 Tarlton, Symmetry and Asymmetry, cit. 861. See also Burgess, Comparative Federalism, cit., p. 212.
  18. Tarlton, Symmetry and Asymmetry, cit. 861. See also Burgess, Comparative Federalism, cit., p. 213.
  19. Burgess, Comparative Federalism, cit., p. 213.
  20. A. Gagnon, "The moral foundations of asymmetrical federalism: a normative exploration of the case of Quebec and Canada" in A. Gagnon & J. Tully, eds., Multinational Democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.323 [Gagnon, Asymmetrical federalism].
  21. 245 Watts, Comparaison des Regimes Federaux, cit., p. 65.
  22. Watts, Comparaison des Regimes Federaux, cit., p. 67.
  23. Gagnon, Asymmetrical federalism, cit., p. 322. societies" in A.-G. Gagnon & J. Tully, eds., Multinational Democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 338. There is disagreement, however, on whether the United States can be truly considered mononational. In fact, Kymlicka argues that in the United States there are a number of national minorities such as American Indians, Puerto Ricans, descendants of Mexicans living in the US Southwest, native Hawaiians, and various Pacific Islanders (including the Chamorros of Guam). See Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, cit. p. 11.
  24. Pinder, Multinational federations, cit., p. 4.
  25. J. McGarry & B. O'Leary, "Federations and managing nations" in M. Burgess & J. Pinder, eds., Multinational Federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007), p. 181.
  26. Watts, Multinational federations, cit., p. 227. In fact, as Kymlicka explains, when the US federation came to life, "a deliberate decision was made not to use federalism to accommodate the self-government rights of national minorities … [and] not to accept any territory as a state unless these national groups were outnumbered." As a result, self-government was achieved through other means, such as "political institutions located inside existing states" (i.e. Indian reservations) or "entirely outside the federal system" (i.e. Guam or Puerto Rico). See Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, cit., pp. 28-29.
  27. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, cit. p. 11.
  28. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, cit. p. 11.
  29. Loughlin, Federalism, regionalism and local government, cit., p. 475.
  30. Loughlin, Federalism, regionalism and local government, cit., p. 475, but see also Tierney, who talks about the paradox of federalism in a unitary state: S. Tierney, "Federalism in a unitary state: a paradox too far?" (2009) 19 Regional and Federal Studies 237 [Tierney, Federalism in a unitary state].
  31. Loughlin, Federalism, regionalism and local government, cit., p. 476
  32. Loughlin, Federalism, regionalism and local government, cit., p. 474.
  33. Loughlin, Federalism, regionalism and local government, cit., p. 476.
  34. G. Marks, L. Hooghe & A. H. Schakel, "Measuring regional authority" (2008) 18 Regional and Federal Studies 113 [Marks et al., Regional authority].
  35. L. Fawcett, "Exploring regional domains: a comparative history of regionalism" (2004) 80 International Affairs 433 [Fawcett, Exploring regional domains].
  36. Fawcett, Exploring regional domains, cit., p. 433.
  37. Fawcett, Exploring regional domains, cit., p. 433.
  38. Barbera, "Da un federalismo "insincero" ad un regionalismo "preso sul serio"? Una riflessione sull'esperienza regionale" (2012) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali (available online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0340\_barbera.pdf) [Barbera, Riflessione sull'esperienza regionale].
  39. Bin & Falcon, Diritto Regionale,cit., p. 26.
  40. Because of the civil war that broke up in the country, this constitution was never actually applied. See Bin & Falcon, Diritto Regionale,cit., p. 48.
  41. Bin & Falcon, Diritto Regionale,cit., p. 48.
  42. Bin & Falcon, Diritto Regionale,cit., p. 48.
  43. Barbera, Riflessione sull'esperienza regionale, cit.
  44. Bin & Falcon, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 48; A. D'Atena, "Between Spain and Germany: The Historical Models of Italian Regionalism", in S. Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014), p. 68 [D'Atena, Historical Models of Italian Regionalism].
  45. S. Mangiameli, "The Regions and the Reforms: Issues Resolved and Problems Pending" in S. Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014), p. 3 [Mangiameli, Regions and Reforms];
  46. D'Atena, Historical Models of Italian Regionalism, cit., 68, who argues that constitutional lawyer Costantino Mortati was a prominent student of the German model.
  47. Giordano & Roller, Catalan and 'Padanian' nationalism, cit., pp. 119-120.
  48. Giordano & Roller, Catalan and 'Padanian' nationalism, cit., p. 124; Passarelli, Extreme right parties, cit., p. 55.
  49. B. Giordano, "Italian regionalism or 'Padanian' nationalism -the political project of the Lega Nord in Italian politics" (2000) 19 Political Geography 454 [Giordano, Italian regionalism];
  50. see also M. Hoppe, "Sub-state nationalism and European integration: constructing identity in the multi-level political space of Europe" (2005) 1 Journal of Contemporary European Research 20 [Hoppe, Sub-state nationalism].
  51. Cavatorta, The role of the LN, cit. p. 30.
  52. A. Destro, "A new era and new themes in Italian politics: the case of Padania" (1997) 2 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 358 [Destro, The case of Padania];
  53. Giordano, Transformation of Italian Politics, cit., cit., p. 220.
  54. Cavatorta, The role of the LN, cit., p. 31.
  55. Cavatorta, The role of the LN, cit. p. 31.
  56. Destro, The case of Padania, cit., p. 367.
  57. Destro, The case of Padania, cit., p. 367.
  58. Giordano, Italian regionalism, cit., p. 457.
  59. Giordano, Italian regionalism , cit., p. 458, citing Biorcio.
  60. Giordano, Italian regionalism, cit., p. 446; Giordano & Roller, Catalan and 'Padanian' nationalism, cit., p. 111; Hoppe, Sub-state nationalism, cit., pp. 17-18.
  61. Giordano, Italian regionalism, cit., p. 468; Hoppe, Sub-state nationalism, cit., pp. 17-18.
  62. Giordano, Italian regionalism, cit., p. 446; Giordano & Roller, Catalan and 'Padanian' nationalism, cit., p. 111; Hoppe, Sub-state nationalism, cit., pp. 17-18.
  63. Giordano, Italian regionalism, cit., p. 446; Giordano & Roller, Catalan and 'Padanian' nationalism, cit., p. 112 and fn 4; Hoppe, Sub-state nationalism, cit., pp. 17-18.
  64. IX all'abbandono di Venezia" published in 1850 and reprinted in Cattaneo, A nessun popolo, cit., p. 68.
  65. Ciuffoletti, Federalismo e regionalismo, cit., p. 41.
  66. A. Lepre, Italia, Addio? Unità e disunità dal 1860 a oggi (Milano, 1994), p. 25 [Lepre, Italia? Addio].
  67. 31 Urbinati, Federazione,cit., p. xx.
  68. Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 21.
  69. C. Cattaneo, "L'ordinamento del regno" as reprinted in Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 84.
  70. Johannes Althusius, even if there is no evidence proving that Cattaneo knew Althusius. In any event, in his Politica Methodice Digesta of 1604, Althusius contended that the political organization should be structured in permanent associations such as families, collegia, cities, provinces, and then the state and the republic. Moreover, through these associations, citizens could function, be represented, and preserve their freedoms (see Chapter I).
  71. M. Thom, "City and language in the thought of Carlo Cattaneo" (2000) 5 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 7 [Thom, City and language].
  72. Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 25.
  73. Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 25. The Lombard insurrection of 1848 and the notorious Five Days of Milan erupted as a rebellion against the Austrian control over the territory.
  74. Thom, City and language, cit., p. 1.
  75. G. Salvemini, "Cattaneo's Life and Work" in C. Lacaita & F. Sabetti, eds., Civilization and Democracy. The Salvemini Anthology of Cattaneo's Writings (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), p. 56 [Salvemini, Cattaneo's Life].
  76. slavery." See C. Cattaneo, "Programma del Cisalpino" as reproduced in Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 57; in another document, Cattaneo alleged that "any order that Austria can establish in Italy, is anarchy". C. Cattaneo, "Dell'insurrezione di Milano nel 1848 e della successiva guerra. Memorie" Lugano, 1849. The conclusions (Corollarii) of this book are partially reprinted in Carlo Cattaneo, A nessun popolo, cit., p. 35. See also Salvemini, Cattaneo's Life, cit., pp. 56-57.
  77. C. M. Lovett, Carlo Cattaneo and the politics of Risorgimento, 1820-1860 (The Hague, 1972), p. 30 [Lovett, Carlo Cattaneo];
  78. N. Bobbio, "Introduzione" in Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 26.
  79. Thom, City and language, cit., p. 2; Salvemini, Cattaneo's Life, cit., p. 57.
  80. Cattaneo, A nessun popolo, cit., p. 14; Salvemini, Cattaneo's Life, cit., p. 57.
  81. Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 25.
  82. Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 25.
  83. Salvemini, Cattaneo's Life, cit., pp. 60 et seq. Italian territory that was to be unified: in fact, Mazzini and other patriots strongly believed that a federal structure for Italy would lead to civil wars or to the conquest through external wars. 56 Because of this conviction, Cattaneo and federalists in general were accused of "municipalism" as the opponents of federal ideas (the majority at the time) construed federalism as the equivalent of destruction of the nation and antechamber of civil war. 57 This probably prevented a correct interpretation of federal theories, thus condemning Cattaneo's project to defeat. 58 Similarly, Cattaneo was very critical towards the creation of a unitary state, therefore his federal vision was seen as inappropriate and dangerous, especially in light of the efforts that the Kingdom of Piedmont first, and the Kingdom of Italy later, was making to unify the territory. 59 Hence, Cattaneo was quickly labeled as the opponent of the unitary state, and the same concept of federalism assumed this negative connotation of anti-unitary and anti-state principle, one that perpetuated a feudal system of state-nations that the Risorgimento was trying to eliminate. 60 In 56 Ciuffoletti, Federalismo e regionalismo, cit., p. 45.
  84. Ciuffoletti, Federalismo e regionalismo, cit., p. 45. See also D. Hine, "Federalism, Regionalism and the Unitary State: Contemporary Regional Pressures in Historical Perspective" in C. Levy, ed., Italian Regionalism. History, Identity and Politics (Oxford & Washington, DC: Berg, 1996), p. 110 [Hine, Federalism & Regionalism];
  85. Rowley, Giuseppe Mazzini, cit., p. 50, where the author explains how Mazzini "hoped for a unified and independent Italy."
  86. L. Colucci, Carlo Cattaneo nella Storiografia: Studi sul Risorgimento e Federalismo dal 1869 al 2002 (Milano, 2004), p. 61 [Colucci, Carlo Cattaneo].
  87. Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 50.
  88. Colucci, Carlo Cattaneo, cit., pp. 30-31. Cattaneo often complained that in Italy there was a lack of true understanding of federalism and, since it was frequently opposed to unity, it was construed as a principle of isolation and separation and, as such, running counters the ideals of Risorgimento. Furthermore, at the time, there was some confusion in the language adopted. In fact, the terms "federation" and "confederation" were used as synonyms, when in reality they refer to two very distinct things. See ibid., p. 61. See also Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia, cit., p. 50. Even Salvemini (see infra) lamented that the federal idea was "perfectly unknown" in Italy even by those who were supposed to have a good knowledge of it (like constitutional law and administrative law scholars).
  89. See G. Salvemini, "L'autonomia comunale e il congresso di Parma" in G. Salvemini, ed., Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 135 [Salvemini, Autonomia comunale].
  90. Regionalism and Federalism. Lessons for the UK (Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing, 2006), p. 4 [Grottanelli, The Italian Variant].
  91. Thom, City and language, cit., p. 2. Incidentally, neo-guelphism was a cultural and political movement that emerged in Italy in the first half of the XIX century as an expression of liberal Catholicism. Vincenzo Gioberti was one of the main representatives of this movement: his vision was to create an Italian confederation of princes under the leadership of the Pope. See Enciclopedia Treccani, available online at: http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/neoguelfismo/ (last checked: 10 October 2014).
  92. S. Fabbrini & M. Brunazzo, "Federalizing Italy: The Convergent Effects of Europeanization and Domestic Mobilization" (2003) 13 Regional and Federal Studies 104 [Fabbrini & Brunazzo, Federalizing Italy]. See also Hine, Federalism & Regionalism, cit., p. 110.
  93. Ciuffoletti, Federalismo e regionalismo, cit., p. 57. centralism". 110 Furthermore, a federal solution for Salvemini would help resolving all issues of "distributive justice" between the North and the South. 111 Salvemini identified the centralized state as one of the three "illnesses" that afflicted
  94. Southern Italy, along with its "semi-feudal structure" that prevented the people to develop their skills at self-government and the economic oppression coming from the North. 112 Therefore, only a drastic reform of Italian politics would help solving the problem, 113 so that the priority was to implement the following: (a) a federalist structure in the form of an "administrative autonomy" 114 and (b) universal suffrage, so that rural and middle class masses, alike, could take part in public life. 115 In fact, he was strongly convinced that federalism and universal suffrage
  95. G. Salvemini, "La Questione di Napoli" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 116 [Salvemini, Questione di Napoli].
  96. G. Salvemini, "Federalismo, Regionalismo, Autonomismo" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 597.
  97. G. Salvemini, "La Questione Meridionale" in Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), pp. 32 et seq. [Salvemini, La Questione Meridionale]. With regards to the centralizing state, Salvemini argues that this illness is obviously common to all Italians, from North to South. As for the second illness, e.g. the economic oppression of the South, Salvemini argues that the fight between the industrialized North and the Mezzogiorno would never end unless and until the unitary state is replaced by a federation (ibid., p. 34). See also Lacaita & Sabetti, Civilization and Democracy, cit., p. 30.
  98. Salvemini, La Questione Meridionale, cit., pp. 36 et seq.
  99. For Salvemini, as a result of this "radical administrative decentralization" the central government would exclusively deal with issues like foreign policy, monetary policy, civil, criminal and commercial legislation, while areas like education, army, police, and financial administration should fall within regional and municipal competences. See G. Salvemini, "Risposta ad un'inchiesta" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), pp. 62-63 [Salvemini, Risposta]. In another work, Salvemini reiterated these ideas and said that it is important to leave to municipalities and regional governments the control over roads, waters, judicial system, education, public order, and finance and in general all subjects not related to foreign policy, customs policy, monetary policy and items of very general interest. See G. Salvemini, "La Questione Meridionale e il Federalismo" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 85 [Salvemini, Questione Meridionale].
  100. G. Salvemini, "Nord e Sud nel partito socialista italiano" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 153 [Salvemini, Nord e Sud]. See also G. Salvemini, "Il suffragio universale e le riforme" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 232 [Salvemini, Suffragio universale];
  101. G. Salvemini, "Socialisti e suffragio universale" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 309 et seq; G. Salvemini, "Che fare?" in G. Salvemini, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955) (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), p. 350 et seq.; G. Salvemini, 144 D. Karmis & W. Norman, eds., Theories of Federalism. A Reader (New York: Palgrave, 2005), p. 191 [Karmis & Norman, Theories of Federalism]. Pages 199-202 contain excerpts in English of the Manifesto.
  102. Spinelli and Rossi wrote the document while interned in Ventotene, a small island off the shores of Latium, in central Italy. Karmis & Norman, Theories of Federalism, p. 192.
  103. Ciuffoletti, Federalismo e regionalismo, cit., p. vii. More in general, all European federalists looked at the federal work of Carlo Cattaneo to elaborate ideas for a unified Europe.
  104. Karmis & Norman, Theories of Federalism, p. 192.
  105. A. Spinelli and E. Rossi, "The 1944 Ventotene Manifesto". English excerpts available in Karmis & Norman, Theories of Federalism, p. 199 [Manifesto]. The original (Italian) version of the document can be found online at http://www.sinistraliberale.org/files/Manifesto\_di\_Ventotene\_1944.pdf.
  106. Manifesto, cit., p. 200.
  107. Manifesto, cit., p. 200. The use of United States of Europe directly draws from Cattaneo. 151 Manifesto, cit., p. 201.
  108. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., pp. 18-19;
  109. Ottaviani, Evolution des régions italiennes, cit., p. 28.
  110. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., pp. 18-19.
  111. For example, article 117 Const. disciplines regional legislative powers; article 118 articulates regional administrative powers; article 119 governs regional financial autonomy; article 121 identifies regional bodies and their powers; article 122 illustrates the way regional councils shall be elected; articles 125 and 127 define how controls are exercised over regional legislative and administrative acts; finally, article 127 illustrates the forms of control on regional bodies. See Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 19.
  112. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 19.
  113. Ferrara & Scarpone, Special Regions, cit., pp. 122-123; Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 19;
  114. Ottaviani, Évolution des régions italiennes, cit., p. 29.
  115. Ottaviani, Évolution des régions italiennes, cit., p. 29.
  116. Del Duca & Del Duca, An Italian Federalism, cit., p. 802.
  117. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 23.
  118. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 23.
  119. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 24. This changed attitude is also referred to as "constitutional thaw." Ibid.
  120. T. Groppi & N. Scattone, "Italy: The Subsidiarity Principle" (2006) 4 International Journal of Constitutional Law 132 [Groppi & Scattone, The Subsidiarity Principle].
  121. G. Berti, "Les nouvelles tendances dans l'organisation des administrations locales en Italie" (1971) 37 International Review of Administrative Sciences 41 [Berti, Administrations locales en Italie].
  122. A. Lecours & E. Arban, "Why Federalism Does Not Always Take Shape: the Cases of Italy and Nepal" (2015) 25 Regional & Federal Studies 189 [Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal].
  123. C. Roux, "Italy's path to federalism. Origins and paradoxes" (2008) 13 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 332 [Roux, Italy's path to federalism];
  124. Mazzoleni, Italian regionalization, cit., p. 143.
  125. G. F. Cartei & V. Ferraro, "Reform of the Fifth Title of the Italian Constitution: A First Step Towards a Federal System?" (2002) 8 European Public Law 446 [Cartei & Ferraro, Reform].
  126. 38 The Commission was also known as "Bicameral Commission" since it was composed of both senators and deputies (35 per group). The law that established the Commission was Constitutional Law n. 1 of 1997. See M. Rogoff, "Federalism in Italy and the Relevance of the American Experience" (1997) 12 Tulane European & Civil Law Forum 69 and fn. 15 [Rogoff, Federalism in Italy]. It shall be noted that, before the Bicameral Commission of 1997, the debate on institutional reform in Italy was not new. In fact, in 1976, the then secretary of the Italian Socialist Party, Bettino Craxi, proposed a "Great Reform" of the Constitution, followed by other attempts in 1983- 85 with the Bozzi Commission and in 1992-1994 with the De Mita/Iotti Commission. See M. Bull & G. Pasquino, "A Long Quest in Vain: Institutional Reforms in Italy" (2007) 30 West European Politics 671 [Bull & Pasquino, Institutional Reforms in Italy].
  127. 60 Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., pp. 192-193 and ItCC decision 106/2002.
  128. Desideri, History of Regionalism, cit., p. 47.
  129. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, cit., p. 161.
  130. M. Nardini, "La "via italiana al federalismo" tra vincoli di bilancio, giurisprudenza costituzionale e riforme istituzionali" (2013) Amministrazione in cammino, available online at http://www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Nardini\_Federalismo.pdf, p. 16 [Nardini, Via italiana al federalismo].
  131. 97 Mazzola, Le Regioni, cit.
  132. G. M. Salerno, "Le autonomie e la repubblica" (2006) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=SALERNO.pdf&content=Le+a utonomie+e+la+Repubblica&content_auth=Giulio+M.+Salerno, p. 7 [Salerno, Le autonomie].
  133. G. C. De Martin, "La regionalizzazione dell'ordinamento degli enti locali" (2013) Amministrazione in Cammino, available online at http://www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/De- Martin_regionalizzazione-enti-locali.pdf [De Martin, La regionalizzazione].
  134. Bin & Falcon, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 101 and ItCC decision 274/2003 at par. 2.1.
  135. Bin & Falcon, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 101 and ItCC decision 365/2007 at par. 7.
  136. Y. Blank, "Federalism, subsidiarity, and the role of local governments in an age of global multilevel governance"
  137. Fordham Urban Law Journal 549 [Blank, Federalism and subsidiarity]. For instance, it shall be noted that article 137 of the Spanish constitution mandates that "[t]he State is organized territorially into municipalities, provinces and the Self-governing Communities that may be constituted. All these bodies shall enjoy self- 4. Differential regionalism (article 116 Const.) The first two paragraphs of article 116 Const. focus on regions enjoying special status, while par. 3 pertains to what has been dubbed "differential regionalism" 113 or "regionalism having a variable geometry" 114 or also "asymmetric federalism". 115 More specifically, article 116(1) Const. explains that Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, and Valle d'Aosta/Vallée d'Aoste enjoy "special forms and conditions of autonomy pursuant to the special charters adopted by constitutional law". 116 The first paragraph does not offer any novel perspective, as it mimics the terms already contained in the "old" version of the same provision. 117 Article 116(2) Const., on the other hand, specifies that Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol is composed of the autonomous provinces of Trento and Bolzano/Bozen. 118 But the most interesting innovation is certainly contained in article 116(3) Const., mandating that additional and special forms and conditions of autonomy can be granted to
  138. C. Dapelo, "The Trends towards Federalism in Italy" (2002-2003) 15 St. Thomas Law Review 346 [Dapelo, Trends towards federalism].
  139. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 34.
  140. A. Barbera, "Da un federalismo "insincero" ad un regionalismo "preso sul serio"? Una riflessione sull'esperienza regionale" (2012) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali, available online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0340\_barbera.pdf [Barbera, Riflessione].
  141. A. Ferrara & D. Scarpone, "The Special Regions and the Autonomous Provinces" in S. Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014), p.118 [Ferrara & Scarpone, Special Regions].
  142. For D'Atena, the retention of the five special regions is a testimony of the enduring influence of Spanish regionalism; conversely, the retention of the fifteen ordinary regions shall be seen as a confirmation of the legacy of German federalism. See A. D'Atena, "Between Spain and Germany: The Historical Models of Italian Regionalism" in S. Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014), p. 70 [D'Atena, Historical Models of Italian Regionalism].
  143. Ferrara & Scarpone, Special Regions, cit., p.118. true Regional Chamber, one proposal in 2008 (but failed because of the early termination of the Parliament) and one other in 2012, still under discussion at the time I am writing. 180 11. Italian regions and their relationship with the European Union The strengthening of the institutional importance of Italian regions paralleled the development of regionalism at EU level. I have already noted how Italian regionalism was partially encouraged and supported by the institutional recognition, at EU level, of the relevance of regions. However, scholars recall that the European integration process was initiated by "national States" through the conclusion of international treaties (therefore, under the aegis of international law) and governed by the same States. 181 At this initial stage, little or no space was reserved to regions or other forms of local self-government as, among the founding member states of the EU Communities, only Italy and Germany presented a multi-level structure, so it was probably perceived as not being a priority. 182 Yet, this disregard at European institutional level for local autonomies continued even when other member states began to join the community (namely, Austria, Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom which, in one way or the other, all presented decentralized systems with local sub-units). 183 A first recognition at EU level of the importance of local autonomies occurred with their involvement in the management of 180 Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., pp. 38-39.
  144. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 371.
  145. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 371; A. Iacoviello, "Rules and Procedures for the Participation of Italian Regions in European Policymaking" in S. Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014), p. 250 [Iacoviello, Participation of Italian Regions in EU Policymaking]. The "founding" states of the first European Communities were: Italy, Germany, France, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium. Among them, only Germany had a "federal" Basic Law, whereas Italy was, by Constitution, articulated in regions, thus creating a "regional state" with ordinary and special regions. Belgium became a federal state in 1993, whereas the other three were considered "unitary" states.
  146. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., pp. 371-372; Iacoviello, Participation of Italian Regions in EU Policymaking, cit., p. 250.
  147. Del Duca & Del Duca, An Italian Federalism, cit., p. 814.
  148. Del Duca & Del Duca, An Italian Federalism, cit., p. 814.
  149. Grottanelli, Italian Variant of Federalism, cit., p. 8.
  150. With regards to loyal collaboration, it was entrenched for the first time at constitutional level with the 2001 amendments, although in the 1980s the ItCC had already recognized it as a constitutional principle that should inform the relationships between the centre and the periphery, so that they could cooperate to further the interests of the nation. From an historical standpoint, loyal collaboration originates within the German federal monarchical state of 1871, whereby both the Reich and the federated entities were bound, with regard to each other and with regard to the state, to a certain loyalty to the Union (Bundestreue): C. Bertolino, "La leale collaborazione quale principio cardine dei sistemi multilivello" (2006) Centro Studi sul Federalismo, Paper Series, available online at http://www.csfederalismo.it/attachments/1351\_PP\_Bertolino\_06.pdf, p. 13 and fn 19; J.-F. Gauldreault-DesBiens, "Cooperative Federalism in Search of a Normative Justification: Considering the Principle of Federal Loyalty" (2014) 23 Constitutional Forum constitutionnel 3 (for a discussion on Bundestreue);
  151. Bin & Falcon, Diritto regionale, cit., p. 86; C. Salerno, "Note sul principio di leale collaborazione prima e dopo la riforma del titolo V della costituzione" (2010) Amministrazione in Cammino, available online at http://amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Salerno.pdf.
  152. Constitution". See M. Di Folco, "Le Province al tempo della crisi" (2013) Osservatorio dell'Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti, available online at http://www.osservatorioaic.it/le-province-al-tempo-della-crisi.html [Di Folco, Le Province]. See also D. Del Gaizo, "Riforme costituzionali e riorganizzazione territoriale" (2014) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIALE\_230720141547 05.pdf&content=Riforme+costituzionali+e+riorganizzazione+territoriale&content_auth=Danilo+Del+Gaizo, who argues that "the reorganization of the territorial structure in Italy is changing direction again. The crisis of the regional system, which began in 2012, has imprinted a sharp change of perspective to the federalist process" (ibid., p. 1). Similar concerns are shared by Mangiameli, who alleges that "the forces pushing towards the completion and improvement of the bill reforming Italian regionalism, as initiated in the 1999 and 2001 constitutional laws, seem to have totally disappeared as a result of the economic crisis". See S. Mangiameli, "The Regions and the Reforms: Issues Resolved and Problems Pending" in in S. Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014), p. 26 [Mangiameli, Regions and Reforms].
  153. A. Barbera, "Da un federalismo "insincero" ad un regionalismo "preso sul serio"? Una riflessione sull'esperienza regionale" (2012) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali, available online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0340\_barbera.pdf Towards a Federal System?" (2002) 8 European Public Law [Cartei & Ferraro, Reform]. But see also S. Wiessner, "The Movement Toward Federalism in Italy: A Policy-Oriented Perspective" (2002-2003) 15 St. Thomas Law Review 301 [Wiessner, The Movement];
  154. L. F. Del Duca & P. Del Duca, "An Italian Federalism? -The State, its Institutions and National Culture as Rule of Law Guarantor"(2006) 54 American Journal of Comparative Law 799 and 839, who talk about a "nascent [Italian] federalism combining Regionalization and Supranationalism" since regions enjoy notable autonomy (administrative, financial and legislative) but the State has also "ceded" important powers at EU level (like all EU member states) [Del Duca & Del Duca, An Italian Federalism].
  155. G. Grottanelli de' Santis, "The Italian Variant of Federalism" in J. Fedtke & B. Markesinis, eds., Patterns of Regionalism and Federalism: Lessons for the UK (Oxford & Portland: Hart, 2006), p. 3 [Grottanelli, Italian Variant of Federalism].
  156. G. C. De Martin, "Un ente strategico, ancorché misconosciuto: la provincia" (2009) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=13973&dpath=document&dfile=09092009121821.pdf&con tent=Un+ente+strategico,+ancorch%C3%A9+misconosciuto:+la+provincia+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+, pp. 1 and 5 [De Martin, La provincia].
  157. See, among others, T. Groppi, "Soppressione delle Province e nuovo Titolo V" (2009) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=13853&dpath=document&dfile=05082009080241.pdf&con tent=Soppressione+delle+province+e+nuovo+Titolo+V+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+, p. 5 [Groppi, Soppressione delle Province].
  158. F. Palermo & A. Wilson, "The Dynamics of Decentralization in Italy: Towards a Federal Solution?" (2013) European Diversity and Autonomy Papers, EDAP 04/2013, available online at www.eurac.edu/edap [Palermo & Wilson, Dynamics of Decentralization].
  159. E. Balboni & M. Carli, "Stato senza regioni e regioni senza regionalismo" (2012) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIALE\_061120121325 12.pdf&content=Stato+senza+autonomie+e+Regioni+senza+regionalismo&content_auth=Enzo+Balboni,+Massimo +Carli [Balboni & Carli, Stato senza regioni].
  160. D. A. Caprio, "La crisi del regionalism italiano" (2008) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali, available online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0045\_caprio.pdf [Caprio, Crisi del regionalismo italiano].
  161. For instance, Caravita questions the real impact of such redistribution of resources on the distribution among productive sectors, or among social groups, or on the nature and quality of public expenditures.
  162. Caravita, Federalismi, cit.
  163. Barbera, Federalismo insincero, cit.
  164. A. Catelani, "Nuova Legislatura e Riforma delle Autonomie Locali" (2013) Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti, available online at www.associazionedeicostituzionalisti.it [Catelani, Riforma delle Autonomie].
  165. Catelani, Riforma delle Autonomie, cit.
  166. G. C. De Martin, "Il sistema delle autonomie locali dopo il Titolo V: quali prospettive?" (2006) Amministrazione in Cammino,available online at http://amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/DE3.pdf, pp. 3 and 5 [De Martin, Sistema delle autonomie locali].
  167. S. Staiano, "Mitologie federaliste ed esperienza del regionalismo" (2012) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIALE\_231020121446 05.pdf&content=Mitologie+federaliste+ed+esperienza+del+regionalismo&content_auth=Sandro+Staiano [Staiano, Mitologie federaliste].
  168. Barbera, Federalismo insincero, cit. See also Palermo & Wilson, Dynamics of Decentralization, cit., p. 5.
  169. A. Baraggia, "The Italian Senate Under Reform: From Disguised Unicameralism to a True Regional Second Chamber?" International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog July 16, 2014, available at: http://www.iconnectblog.com/2014/07/the-italian-senate-under-reform-from-disguised-unicameralism-to-a-true- regional-second-chamber.
  170. The following is a (non exhaustive) list of articles commenting on the proposed reform: E. Rossi, "Senato delle Autonomie: una composizione da rivedere (è possible un Senato di dopolavoristi?)" (2014) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24805&dpath=document&dfile=15042014151337.pdf&con tent=Senato+delle+autonomie:+una+composizione+da+rivedere+(%C3%A8+possibile+un+Senato+di+dopolavorist
  171. +-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [Rossi, Senato delle autonomie];
  172. F. Clementi, "Non un Senato 'federale' ma un Senato 'federatore'. Prime note sul disegno di legge di riforma costituzionale del governo Renzi" (2014) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24817&dpath=document&dfile=16042014100505.pdf&con tent=Non+un+Senato+%27federale%27,+ma+un+Senato+%27federatore%27+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [Clementi, Prime note];
  173. G. De Vergottini, "Sulla riforma radicale del Senato"(2014), Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24797&dpath=document&dfile=16042014124622.pdf&con tent=Sulla+riforma+radicale+del+Senato+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [De Vergottini, Riforma del Senato];
  174. A. Poggi, "Funzioni e funzionalità del Senato delle Autonomie" (2014), Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24819&dpath=document&dfile=16042014124333.pdf&con tent=Funzioni+e+funzionalit%C3%A0+del+Senato+delle+Autonomie+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [Poggi, Funzioni];
  175. D. Porena, "Nel nuovo senato delle autonomie nasce il 'partito del Presidente'" (2014), Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24798&dpath=document&dfile=14042014103921.pdf&con tent=Nel+nuovo+Senato+delle+Autonomie+nasce+il+%27partito+del+Presidente%27+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [Porena, Partito del Presidente];
  176. E. Catelani, "Stato federale o stato regionale nel senato delle autonomie? Note sul progetto di riforma costituzionale del governo" (2014), Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24807&dpath=document&dfile=15042014151317.pdf&con tent=Stato+federale+o+Stato+regionale+nel+Senato+delle+Autonomie?+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [Catelani, Stato federale o regionale].
  177. 42 See ex multis Porena, Partito del Presidente, cit., p. 2; Poggi, Funzioni, cit., p. 2; De Vergottini, Riforma del Senato, cit., p. 3; Catelani, Stato federale o regionale, cit., p. 4; Clementi, Prime note, cit., p. 6.
  178. See Catelani, Stato federale o regionale, cit., p. 4; Poggi, Funzioni, cit., p. 3.
  179. Rossi, Senato delle autonomie, cit., p. 3; Catelani, Stato federale o regionale, cit., 3.
  180. Caprio, Crisi del regionalism italiano, cit.
  181. Palermo & Wilson, Dynamics of Decentralization, cit., p. 7.
  182. Palermo & Wilson, Dynamics of Decentralization, cit., p. 7.
  183. Palermo & Wilson, Dynamics of Decentralization, cit., p. 5.
  184. Palermo & Wilson, Dynamics of Decentralization, cit., p. 6.
  185. Caprio, Crisi del regionalism italiano, cit.
  186. Caprio, La crisi del regionalism italiano, cit. http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0182\_morrone.pdf [Morrone, Regioni senza futuro].
  187. 74 Caprio, La crisi del regionalism italiano, cit.
  188. Staiano, Mitologie federaliste, cit.
  189. Barbera, Federalismo insincero, cit.
  190. Barbera, Federalismo insincero, cit.
  191. /2012 for violation of article 77 Const. The so-called "Rescue-Italy decree" (in Italian: decreto "Salva Italia") (law-decree 201/2011) drastically reduced provincial competences and modified 90
  192. De Martin, La provincia, cit., p. 9.
  193. For a critique of this decision, see F. Fabrizzi, "Riordino delle province: ultimo atto (forse)" (2012), Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=21136&dpath=document&dfile=06112012131821.pdf&con tent=Riordino+delle+province:+ultimo+atto+(forse)+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [Fabbrizi, Riordino delle province]. See also A. Pirozzoli, "Sulla legittimità costituzionale del riordino delle province" (2012), Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=21137&dpath=document&dfile=08112012115130.pdf&con tent=Sulla+legittimit%C3%A0+costituzionale+del+riordino+delle+province+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ [Pirozzoli, Legittimità costituzionale].
  194. 92 Pirozzoli, Legittimità costituzionale, cit. their organs of government, 93 while the so-called "Spending Review decree" (in Italian: decreto "Spending Review") (law-decree 95/2012) pertained to the re-organization of provinces, and aimed at eliminating those provinces that did not meet certain territorial and population criteria (e.g. 350,000 residents and 2,500 square km of territory), while restoring certain fundamental functions. 94 Eventually, the ItCC recalled that, pursuant to article 77 Const., a law-decree is a legal tool "destined to address extraordinary situations of necessity and urgency"; thus, it cannot be used to carry out an "organic and system reform" (such as the one on the abolition of certain provinces). 95 In other words, according to the ItCC, "the abolition of provinces cannot be done through a law-decree". 96 Always in this regard, it is important to note that, effective on 8 April 2014, law 56/2014
  195. "Provisions on metropolitan cities, provinces, union and merger of municipalities") has "redesigned borders and competences of local self-government". 97 Consequently, as of 1 January 2015, the whole institutional structure of local self-government will be deeply renovated. 98 More specifically, this law will finally create the following metropolitan cities: Torino, Milano, 93
  196. Di Folco, Le Province, cit. See also Corriere della Sera, Province, la Consulta boccia rifirma e taglio, July 4, 2013, available online at www.corriere.it (last checked: July 4, 2013) [C.d.S., Province].
  197. 94 Di Folco, Le Province, cit. See also C.d.S., Province,cit.
  198. See Italian Constitutional Court, press release dated July 3, 2013 "Reform and reorganization of Provinces" available online at www.cortecostituzionale.it (last checked, July 4, 2013).
  199. See La Repubblica, Abolizione province, Il governo "Lo faremo con legge costituzionale" (July 4, 2013) available online at www.repubblica.it (last checked: July 4, 2013).
  200. Ibid.
  201. Balboni & Carli, Stato senza regioni, cit.
  202. Staiano, Mitologie federaliste, cit.
  203. Staiano, Mitologie federaliste, cit.
  204. Barbera, Federalismo insincero, cit.,
  205. Staiano, Le autonomie locali, cit., p. 8.
  206. Barbera, Federalismo insincero, cit. 311 [Cameron, Paradox].
  207. Cameron, Paradox, cit., p 311.
  208. Cameron, Paradox, cit., p 313.
  209. Cameron, Paradox, cit., p 313. Specifically, Cameron cites scholars such as K.C. Wheare ("Federal Government") and Watts ("Federal Co-existence in the Near East: General Introduction").
  210. Tarlton, Symmetry and Asymmetry, cit., p. 869.
  211. Tarlton, Symmetry and Asymmetry, cit. p. 869.
  212. McGarry, Asymmetry, cit., p. 105.
  213. A.-G. Gagnon, "The moral foundation of asymmetrical federalism" in A.-G. Gagnon & J. Tully, eds., Multinational Democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 323 [Gagnon, Asymmetrical federalism].
  214. 47 Among the works that have extensively analyzed Tarlton's revolutionary ideas see, ex multis, J. McGarry, "Asymmetry in Federations, Federacies and Unitary States" (2007) 6 Ethnopolitics 105 [McGarry, Asymmetry];
  215. R. Agranoff, "Power shifts, Diversity and Asymmetry" in R. Agranoff, ed., Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999), pp. 11 et seq. [Agranoff, Diversity & Asymmetry]. For a critical reading of Tarlton's article, see M. Burgess & F. Gress, "Symmetry and Asymmetry Revisited" in R. Agranoff, ed., Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999), pp. 44 and 46 et seq. [Burgess & Gress, Symmetry and Asymmetry].
  216. 48 McGarry, Asymmetry, cit., p. 105. See also Gagnon, Asymmetrical federalism, cit., pp. 323-324.
  217. European Public Policy 436. For similar definitions, see also Agranoff, Diversity & Asymmetry, cit., p. 16; F. Roquejo, "Decentralization and Federal and Regional Asymmetries in Comparative Politics" in F. Requejo & K.-J. Nagel, eds., Federalism Beyond Federations. Asymmetry and Processes of Resymmetrisation in Europe (Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate, 2011), pp. 5-6.
  218. D. Conversi, "Asymmetry in quasi-federal and unitary states" (2007) 6 Ethnopolitics 122 [Conversy, Asymmetry].
  219. Conversi, Asymmetry, cit., p. 122.
  220. Y. Blank, "Federalism, subsidiarity, and the role of local governments in an age of global multilevel governance" (2010) 37 Fordham Urban Law Journal 533 [Blank, Federalism & subsidiarity].
  221. Bermann, Subsidiarity, cit., p. 338.
  222. To the best of my knowledge, in the EU context only three states entrench subsidiarity in their constitutions: Italy, Poland and Portugal, in addition to EU treaties.
  223. Without aspiring to be exhaustive in the listing, the following works can be consulted for a better understanding of the intellectual history of the principle of subsidiarity and its development in EU law: E. Arban, "Re-centralizing subsidiarity. Interpretations by the Italian Constitutional Court" (2015) 25 Regional and Federal Studies 129-144;
  224. E. Arban, "La subsidiarité en en droit européen et Canadien: une comparaison" (2013) 56 Canadian Public Administration 219-234;
  225. G. A. Bermann, "Taking subsidiarity seriously: federalism in the European Community and the United States" (1994) 94 Columbia Law Review 331-456; D. Z. Cass, "The Word That Saves Maastricht? The Principle of Subsidiarity and The Division of Powers Within the European Community" (1992) 29 Common Market Law Review 1107-1136;
  226. J. A. Gardner, "Perspectives in Federalism: in search of Sub-National Constitutionalism" (2008) 4 European Constitutional Law Review 325-343;
  227. C. Henkel, "The Allocation of Powers in the European Union: A Closer Look at the Principle of Subsidiarity" (2002) 20 Berkeley Journal of International Law 359-386;
  228. T. Hueglin, "The Principle of Subsidiarity: Tradition -Practice -Relevance" in Ian Peach, ed., New Perspectives on Canadian Governance (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2007);
  229. P. D. Marquardt, "Subsidiarity and sovereignty in the European Union" (1994-1995) 18 Fordham International Law Journal 616- 640;
  230. G. Martinico, "Dating Cinderella: On Subsidiarity as a Political Safeguard of Federalism in the European Union, (2011) 17 European Public Law 649-660;
  231. R. Schütze, From Dual to Cooperative Federalism. The Changing Structure of European Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009);
  232. A. G. Toth, "The Principle of Subsidiarity in the Maastricht Treaty" (1992) 29 Common Market Law Review 1979-1105;
  233. K. Van Kersbergen & B. Verbeek, "The Politics of Subsidiarity in the European Union" (1994) 32 Journal of Common Market Studies 215-234;
  234. G. W. Vause, "The Subsidiarity Principle in European Union Law -American Federalism Compared" (1995) 27 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 61-82.
  235. An example can better illustrate the point of asymmetrical subsidiarity: when this principle demands more local governance and the quality of existing governance is excellent, then the demands of subsidiarity are more likely to be heeded, whereas those demands may be ignored if the existing governance is very bad.
  236. E. Arban, "Re-centralizing subsidiarity. Interpretations by the Italian Constitutional Court" (2015) 25 Regional and Federal Studies 134 [Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity].
  237. 72 Pursuant to Law 59/1997, subsidiarity was construed "in favor of administrative simplification" (L. Franzese, "Sussidiarietà vs decentramento" (2003) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=22417&dpath=document&dfile=13052013170622.pdf&con tent=Sussidiariet%C3%A0+vs+decentramento+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ p. 2). See also ItCC decision 303/2003, at par. 2.2; Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 134.
  238. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 134. Incidentally, however, in certain circumstances the ItCC has "extended" subsidiarity to legislative powers as well. See infra for more details on this jurisprudential reading.
  239. A. Colombo, "The 'Lombardy Model': Subsidiarity informed Regional Government" (2008) 42 Social Policy and Administration 177-196 [Colombo, The 'Lombardy Model'];
  240. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., pp. 129 & 135.
  241. A. Føllesdal, "Survey Article: Subsidiarity" (1998) 6 The Journal of Political Philosophy 196 [Føllesdal, Subsidiarity];
  242. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 129.
  243. Tubertini, Public Administration, cit., p. 36.
  244. Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 258. This constitutional choice was dubbed "charming" yet "pretentious" by former ItCC judge De Siervo. See U. De Siervo, "Il regionalismo italiano fra i limiti della riforma del Titolo V e la sua mancata attuazione" (2007) available online at www.issirfa.cnr.it [De Siervo, Regionalismo italiano];
  245. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 135.
  246. Marcello Fracanzani, "L'insidiosa sussidiarietà nella riforma del titolo V della costituzione" (2006) Federalismi.it, available online at http://federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=5833&dpath=document&dfile=19092006035808.pdf&content=L %27insidiosa+sussidiariet%C3%A0+nella+riforma+del+Titolo+V+della+Costituzione+-+autonomie+locali+- +dottrina+-+ p. 4 [Fracanzani, Sussidiarietà];
  247. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 135.
  248. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 135. This wording of article 118(1) is rather different than the allotment of administrative powers existing in the Italian Constitution before the 2001 amendment. The approach used in the "old" version was the so called "parallelism" whereby regions enjoyed full administrative functions only 91 Caretti & Tarli Barbieri, Diritto Regionale, cit., p. 253.
  249. Arena, Principio di sussidiarietà, cit., p. 3.
  250. Arena, Principio di sussidiarietà, cit., p. 3.
  251. A. Sterpa "Il principio di sussidiarietà nel diritto comunitario e nella Costituzione" (2010) Federalismi.it, available online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=16704&dpath=document&dfile=27072010182328.pdf&con tent=Il+principio+di+sussidiariet%C3%A0+nel+diritto+comunitario+e+nella+Costituzione+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+ p. 11 [Sterpa, Principio di sussidiarietà]; see also Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 135. 95
  252. Sterpa, Principio di sussidiarietà, cit., p. 11.
  253. Scholars suggest that the principle of horizontal subsidiarity articulated in article 118(4) Const., should be read in conjunction with article 3(2) Const., dictating that it is the task of the Italian Republic to "remove all economic and social obstacles that (...) impede the full development of the human being and the effective participation of all workers to the political, economic and social organization" of the nation. It should also be read alongside article 4(2), Const., whereby "it is the duty of each citizen to perform an activity or function that contributes to the material or spiritual progress of the society, based on his or her own possibilities and choice". See Arena, Principio di sussidiarietà, cit., pp. 5-6 and 7. Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."
  254. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 136.
  255. See Art. I, section 8, clause 3 of the US Constitution, whereby "[The Congress shall have Power] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes."
  256. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 137.
  257. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 137.
  258. Arban, Re-centralizing subsidiarity, cit., p. 137. 119 Decision 6/2004, par. 7.
  259. J. Ottoman, "The Concept of Solidarity in National and European Law: The Welfare State and the European Social Model" (2008) 1 Vienna Online Journal on International Constitutional Law 38 [Ottoman, Solidarity].
  260. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 44.
  261. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., pp. 39-40.
  262. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., pp. 36 et seq.
  263. Specifically, at EU level, the debate revolves around the development of the "European Social Model". See
  264. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., pp. 36 et seq. See also G. Martinico, "The Meta-National Dimension of Solidarity in the European Union. A Brief Comparison with Canada and Switzerland" unpublished paper presented at the World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law held in Oslo, Norway, June 16-20, 2014 [Martinico, Solidarity].
  265. 9 Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 37.
  266. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 37.
  267. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 37.
  268. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 45.
  269. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 45. nationale.fr/connaissance/constitution_11-2011.pdf. See also G. Canivet, La fraternité dans le droit constitutionnel francais, in Morin et al., Responsibility, Fraternity and Sustainability in Law, cit., p. 463 et seq. It is worth mentioning at this stage that the French constitution also contains references to solidarity in the preamble of the 1946 constitution (solidarity and equality shall be the values binding all French citizens in the event of a natural disaster) and in article 87 in the section devoted to the francophonie (whereby France collaborates to the development of solidarity and cooperation among states sharing French as their language).
  270. Stjernø, Solidarity in Europe, cit., p. 27.
  271. Stjernø, Solidarity in Europe, cit., p. 27.
  272. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 38.
  273. Gonthier, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity , cit., p. 572.
  274. Gonthier, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity , cit., p. 572. The first article of the Declaration recites that: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." In the French version, "spirit of brotherhood" is translated as "esprit de fraternité." See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR\_Translations/eng.pdf 24 Encyclical of Pope John XXIII on Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity and Liberty (Pacem in Terris). English version of the document available online at: http://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/john\_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf\_j-xxiii\_enc\_11041963\_pacem\_en.html. See also chapter I. 25 Although the Treaty of Lisbon has strengthened the notion of solidarity at EU level, it is worth noting that solidarity has informed the EU project since its beginnings. In fact, scholars recall how the Schuman Declaration of 1950 talks about the creation of a "de facto solidarity" in Europe, and also of "solidarity in production" for coal and steel.
  275. See P. Corre, "La conception de la solidarité entre États membres par la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne, obstacle à la fédéralisation?" unpublished manuscript prepared for the World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law held in Oslo, Norway, June 16-20, 2014 [Corre, Solidarité entre États membres]. The Schuman Declaration, which is the communication with which the French Minister Robert Schuman proposed the creation of a supra-national entity in Europe with the primary intent of regulating the production of coal and steel between France and Germany, is available online at the following link : http://www.eurotreaties.com/schuman.pdf
  276. Corre, Solidarité entre États membres, cit., p. 2 (of the manuscript).
  277. Corre, Solidarité entre États membres cit., p. 6 (of the manuscript), citing Boutayeb.
  278. All references in the chapter are to the consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, C-326, Vol. 55, 26 October 2012, accessible online at the following link: http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2012:326:FULL:EN:PDF. For a detailed survey of EU provisions on solidarity, see also Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., pp. 42 et seq.; Martinico, Solidarity, cit., pp. 6 et seq. (of the manuscript).
  279. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Renewed social agenda: Opportunities, access and solidarity in 21st century Europe. Brussels, 2.7.2008 COM(2008) 412. Available online at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0412:FIN:EN:PDF . See also Ross & Borgmann-Prebil, Promoting Solidarity, cit., p. 1. 32 Document available at the following link: http://europa.eu/legislation\_summaries/employment\_and\_social\_policy/social\_agenda/c10115\_en.htm 33 Document available at the following link: http://europa.eu/legislation\_summaries/employment\_and\_social\_policy/situation\_in\_europe/c10128\_en.htm 34 Document available at the following link: http://europa.eu/legislation\_summaries/employment\_and\_social\_policy/eu2020/growth\_and\_jobs/c10312\_en.htm 35
  280. Ottoman, Solidarity, cit., p. 43.
  281. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 18 December 2000, Official Journal of the European Communities, C 364/1.
  282. Corre, Solidarité entre États membres, cit., p. 2.
  283. A. Lecours & E. Arban, "Why Federalism Does Not Always Take Shape: the Cases of Italy and Nepal" 25 Regional and Federal Studies 187 [Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal].
  284. Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal, cit., p. 187.
  285. N. Bobbio, "Introduzione" in N. Bobbio & C. Cattaneo, Stati Uniti d'Italia (Roma: Donzelli, 2010), p. 18 [Cattaneo & Bobbio, Stati Uniti d'Italia];
  286. Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal, cit., p. 187. One of the most famous citations of Cattaneo is: "We will have true peace only when we will have the United States of Europe" (ibid., p. 27).
  287. Z. Ciuffoletti, Federalismo e regionalismo: da Cattaneo alla Lega (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1994), pp. 5-6 [Ciuffoletti, Federalismo e regionalismo].
  288. Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal, cit., p. 188. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/11/19/il-vaticano-bolla-la-lega- politica.html?ref=search; see also Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal, cit., p. 189.
  289. See La Repubblica, 16 May 1997, available online at http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1997/05/16/dal-friuli-appello-dei- vescovi.html?ref=search,; La Repubblica, 23 May 1997, available online at http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1997/05/23/il-papa-temo-per-italia.html?ref=search; see also Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal, cit., p. 189.
  290. Destro, The case of Padania, cit., p. 371; see also Lecours & Arban, Italy and Nepal, cit., p. 189. http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/politica/2014/12-giugno-2014/indipendenza-veneto-via-libera- consiglio-regionale-referendum--223385301837.shtml (last checked: 22 July 2014).
  291. See Repubblica, 9 March 2014, available online at the following link: http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2014/03/09/il-movimento-stelle-la-nuova-guerra- di.html?ref=search (last checked: 22 July 2014).
  292. In fact, very often a significant segment of the population derides these secessionist attempts. AGRANOFF Robert, "Intergovernmental Relations and the Management of Asymmetry in Federal Spain" in Robert Agranoff, ed., Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999)
  293. AGRANOFF Robert, "Power shifts, Diversity and Asymmetry" in Robert Agranoff, ed., Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999)
  294. AGRANOFF Robert, ed., Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States (Baden- Baden: Nomos, 1999)
  295. ALTHUSIUS Johannes, Politica (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995)
  296. ALTHUSIUS Johannes, "Politics as the Art of Associating" in Dimitrios Karmis & Wayne Norman, eds., Theories of Federalism. A Reader (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2005)
  297. AMORETTI Ugo, "A new look at federalism: Italy decentralizes" (2002) 13 Journal of Democracy 126
  298. AMORETTI Ugo, "Italy: Political Institutions and the Mobilization of Territorial Differences" in Ugo Amoretti & Nancy Bermeo, eds., Federalism and Territorial Cleavages (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004)
  299. AMORETTI Ugo & BERMEO Nancy, eds., Federalism and territorial cleavages (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004)
  300. AMORETTI Ugo, "Italy: Increasing Decentralization, Decreasing Asymmetry" in Ferran Requejo & Klaus-Jürgen Nagel, eds., Federalism beyond Federations. Asymmetry and Processes of Resymmetruisation in Europe (Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate, 2011)
  301. ANDERSON Benedict, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, New York: Verso, 1991)
  302. ARBAN Erika, "Subsidiarité en Droit Européen et Canadien. Une Comparaison" (2013) 56
  303. Canadian Public Administration 219
  304. ARBAN Erika, "Re-centralizing subsidiarity. Interpretations by the Italian Constitutional Court" (2015) 25 Regional and Federal Studies 129
  305. ARENA Gregorio, "Il principio di sussidiarietà orizzontale nell'art. 118, u.c. della Costituzione" (2010) Amministrazione in Cammino (online at http://amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp- content/uploads/2010/04/arena.pdf)
  306. BAKAR Ismail, "Multinational federation: the case of Malaysia" in Michael Burgess & John Pinder, eds., Multinational Federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007)
  307. BALBONI Enzo & CARLI Massimo, "Stato senza autonomie e regioni senza regionalismo" (2012) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIA LE_06112012132512.pdf&content=Stato+senza+autonomie+e+Regioni+senza+regionalismo&c ontent_auth=Enzo+Balboni,+Massimo+Carli)
  308. BALDINI Gianfranco & BALDI Brunetta, "Decentralization in Italy and the Troubles of Federalization" (2014) 24 Regional and Federal Studies 87
  309. BARAGGIA Antonia, "The Italian Senate Under Reform: From Disguised Unicameralism to a True Regional Second Chamber?" (2014) International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog (online at http://www.iconnectblog.com/2014/07/the-italian-senate-under-reform-from- disguised-unicameralism-to-a-true-regional-second-chamber)
  310. BARBAGALLO Francesco, "Gaetano Salvemini e il problema del Mezzogiorno" (2007) 48
  311. Studi Storici 635
  312. BARBERA Augusto, "Il titolo V tra attuazione e riforma" (2006) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali (online http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/pre_2006/1158.pdf )
  313. BARBERA Augusto, "Da un federalismo 'insincero' ad un regionalismo 'preso sul serio'? Una riflessione sull'esperienza regionale" (2012) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali (online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0340\_b arbera.pdf)
  314. BARBERO Matteo, "Enti locali 'in fuga': questioni di 'forma' e di 'sostanza'" (2007) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=7646&dpath=document&dfile=3004200 7074740.pdf&content=Enti+locali+%27in+fuga%27:+questioni+di+%27forma%27+e+di+%27s ostanza%27+-+autonomie+locali+-+dottrina+- BARBERO Matteo, "Come (non) si risolve la questione delle "secessioni" dei comuni di confine (e dei privilegi finanziari delle autonomie speciali" (2008) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=9865&dpath=document&dfile=2404200 8175434.pdf&content=Come+(non)+si+risolve+la+questione+delle+%27secessioni%27+dei+co muni+di+confine+(e+dei+privilegi+finanziari+delle+autonomie+speciali)++-+stato+- +dottrina+-+)
  315. BASSANINI Franco, "L'expérience de la régionalisation en Italie" (1977) 43 International Review of Administrative Sciences 51
  316. BASSANINI Franco, "Federalizing a Regionalized State. Constitutional Change in Italy" in Arthur Benz & Felix Knüpling, eds., Changing Federal Constitutions (Opladen, Berlin & Toronto: Barbara Budrich, 2012)
  317. BELAND Daniel & LECOURS André, "The Politics of Territorial Solidarity. Nationalism and Social Policy Reforms in Canada, the United Kingdom and Belgium" (2005) 38 Comparative Political Studies 676
  318. BENZ Arthur & KNÜPLING Felix, "Introduction" in Arthur Benz & Felix Knüpling, eds., Changing Federal Constitutions (Opladen, Berlin & Toronto: Barbara Budrich, 2012)
  319. BERMANN George, "Taking subsidiarity seriously: federalism in the European Community and the United States" (1994) 94 Columbia Law Review 331
  320. BERTI Giorgio, "Les nouvelles tendances dans l'organisation des administrations locales en Italie" (1971) 37 International Review of Administrative Sciences 41
  321. BERTOLINO Cristina, "La leale collaborazione quale principio cardine dei sistemi multilivello" (2006) Paper published by Centro Studi sul Federalismo (online at http://www.csfederalismo.it/attachments/1351\_PP\_Bertolino\_06.pdf)
  322. BHATTACHARYYA Harihar, "Federalism and competing nations in India" in Michael Burgess & John Pinder, eds., Multinational Federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007)
  323. BHATTACHARYYA Harihar, "India & Switzerland as multinational federations" in Michael Burgess & John Pinder, eds., Multinational Federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007) BIN Roberto & FALCON Giandomenico, Diritto Regionale (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2012)
  324. BLANK Yishai, "Localism in the New Global Legal Order" (2006) 47 Harvard International Law Journal 263
  325. BLANK Yishai, "Federalism, subsidiarity, and the role of local governments in an age of multilevel governance" (2010) 37 Fordham Urban Law Journal 509
  326. BOGGERO Giovanni & ANNICCHINO Pasquale, "'Who will ever kick us out?': Italy, the balanced budget rule and the implementation of the fiscal compact" (2014) 20 European Public Law 247 BRUN Henri, TREMBLAY Guy, BROUILLET Eugénie, Droit Constitutionnel, 5eme éd. (Cowansville, QC : Yvon Blais, 2008)
  327. BULL Martin & PASQUINO Gianfranco, "A Long Quest in Vain: Institutional Reforms in Italy" (2007) 30 West European Politics 670
  328. BULLINGER Heinirch, De testamento seu foedere Dei unico et aeterno, as translated in Charles McCoy & Wayne J. Baker, Fountainhead of Federalism. Heinrich Bullinger and the Covenantal Tradition (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991)
  329. BURGESS Michael & GRESS Franz, "Symmetry and Asymmetry Revisited" in Robert Agranoff, ed., Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999) BURGESS Michael, Federalism and European Union (London: Routledge, 2000)
  330. BURGESS Michael, Comparative Federalism. Theory and Practice (Florence, KY: Routledge, 2006) BURGESS Michael & PINDER John, eds., Multinational federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007)
  331. BURGESS Michael & TARR Alan G., "Introduction: Sub-national Constitutionalism and Constitutional Development" in Michael Burgess & G. Alan Tarr, eds., Constitutional Dynamics in Federal Systems: Sub-national perspectives (Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012) BURGESS Michael & TARR G. Alan, eds., Constitutional dynamics in federal systems: sub- national perspectives (Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012)
  332. BURGESS Michael, "The penumbra of federalism. A conceptual reappraisal of federalism, federation, confederation and federal political system" in John Loughlin, John Kincaid & Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London and New York: Routledge, 2013)
  333. CAMERON David, "The Paradox of Federalism: Some Practical Reflections" (2009) 19 Regional and Federal Studies 309
  334. CAPRIO Dario Alberto, "La crisi del regionalismo italiano" (2008) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali (online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0045\_c
  335. CARAVITA Beniamino, Lineamenti di diritto costituzionale federale e regionale (Torino: Giappichelli, 2009)
  336. CARAVITA Beniamino, "The Italian Challenge between Federalism and Subsidiarity" (2010) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=The+italian +challenge+between.pdf&content=The+italian+challenge+between+federalism+and+subsidiarit
  337. CARAVITA Beniamino, "Federalismi, Federalismo Europeo, Federalismo Fiscale" (2011) federalism.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIA LE_04052011095337.pdf&content=Federalismi,+federalismo+europeo,+federalismo+fiscale&c ontent_auth=Beniamino+Caravita)
  338. CARAVITA Beniamino, "Trasformazioni costituzionali nel federalizing process europeo" (2012) federalismi.it (online at http://federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIALE\_1 1092012204519.pdf&content=Trasformazioni+costituzionali+nel+federalizing+process+europeo
  339. CARAVITA Beniamino, "Italy. Between the hybrid state and Europe's federalizing process" in John Loughlin, John Kincaid & Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London & New York: Routledge, 2013)
  340. CARTEI Gian Franco & FERRARO Vincenzo, "Reform of the Fifth Title of the Italian Constitution: A First Step Towards a Federal System" (2002) 8 European Public Law 445 CARETTI Paolo & TARLI BARBIERI Giovanni, Diritto Regionale, 3rd ed. (Torino: Giappichelli, 2012)
  341. CASS Deborah Z., "The Word That Saves Maastricht? The Principle of Subsidiarity and The Division of Powers Within the European Community" (1992) 29 Common Market Law Review 1107 CASSESE Sabino, "The Italian constitutional architecture: from unification to the present day" (2012) 17 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 2
  342. CATELANI Alessandro, "Nuova Legislatura e Riforma delle Autonomie Territoriali" (2013) Rivista dell'Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti (online at http://www.rivistaaic.it/nuova- legislatura-e-riforma-delle-autonomie-territoriali.html)
  343. CATELANI Elisabetta, "Stato federale o stato regionale nel senato delle autonomie? Note sul progetto di riforma costituzionale del governo" (2014) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24807&dpath=document&dfile=150420 14151317.pdf&content=Stato+federale+o+Stato+regionale+nel+Senato+delle+Autonomie?+- +stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  344. CATTANEO Carlo, A nessun popolo più che all'italiano è concomitante la forma federale. Antologia di scritti politico-istituzionali con prefazione di Emilio R. Papa (Torino: Celid, 2002)
  345. CATTANEO Carlo & BOBBIO Norberto, Stati Uniti d'Italia. Prefazione di Nadia Urbinati (Roma: Donzelli, 2010)
  346. CAVATORTA Francesco, "The role of the Northern League in transforming the Italian political system: from economic federalism to ethnic politics and back" (2001) 7 Contemporary Politics 27 CECCHETTI Marcello, "Legge costituzionale n. 1 del 2012 e titolo V della Parte II della costituzione: profili di contro-riforma dell'autonomia regionale e locale" (2012) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIA LE_21122012092949.pdf&content=Legge+costituzionale+n.+1+del+2012+e+Titolo+V+della+P arte+II+della+Costituzione:+profili+di+contro-
  347. CENTO BULL Anna, "Ethnicity, Racism and the Northern League" in Carl Levy, ed., Italian regionalism: history, identity and politics (Oxford & Washington DC: Berg, 1996)
  348. CENTO BULL Anna, "Collective Identities: From the Politics of Inclusion to the Politics of Ethnicity and Difference" (2003) 2 The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 41 CHOUDHRY Sujit, GAULDEAULT-DESBIENS Jean-Francois & SOSSIN Lorne, eds., Dilemmas of Solidarity: Rethinking Redistribution in the Canadian Federation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006)
  349. CIUFFOLETTI Zeffiro, Federalismo e regionalismo: da Cattaneo alla Lega (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1994)
  350. CLEMENTI Francesco, "Non un Senato "federale" ma un Senato "federatore". Prime note sul disegno di legge di riforma costituzionale del governo Renzi" (2014) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24817&dpath=document&dfile=160420 14100505.pdf&content=Non+un+Senato+%27federale%27,+ma+un+Senato+%27federatore%2 7+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  351. CLOOTS Elke, DE BAERE Geert & SOTTIAUX Stefan, eds., Federalism in the European Union (Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing, 2012)
  352. COAKLEY John, ed., The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 2003) COLOMBO Alessandro, "The 'Lombardy Model': Subsidiarity informed Regional Government" (2008) 42 Social Policy and Administration 177
  353. COLUCCI Laura, Carlo Cattaneo nella Storiografia: Studi sul Risorgimento e Federalismo dal 1869 al 2002 (Milano: Giuffrè, 2004)
  354. CONVERSI Daniele, "Asymmetry in quasi-federal and unitary states" (2007) 6 Ethnopolitics 121 CORRE Pauline, "La conception de la solidarité entre États membres par la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne, obstacle à la fédéralisation?" unpublished paper prepared for the World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law held in Oslo, Norway, June 16- 20, 2014
  355. CORSI Cecilia, "A New Institutional Arrangement for Italy?" (2007) 13 European Public Law 223 CYGAN Adam, "The regions within multi-level governance: enhanced opportunities for improved accountability?" (2014) 21 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 265 CYR Hugo, "Autonomy, Subsidiarity, Solidarity: Foundations of Cooperative Federalism" (2014) 23 Constitutional Form constitutionnel 20
  356. DAPELO Carlo, "The Trends towards Federalism in Italy" (2002-2003) 15 St. Thomas Law Review 345 D'ATENA Antonio, "Between Spain and Germany: The Historical Models of Italian Regionalism" in Stelio Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014)
  357. DAVIS John A., "Changing Perspectives on Italy's 'Southern Problem'" in Carl Levy, ed., Italian Regionalism. History, Identity and Politics (Oxford & Washington, DC: Berg, 1996)
  358. DEL DUCA Louis F. & DEL DUCA Patrick, "An Italian Federalism? -The State, its Institutions and National Culture as Rule of Law Guarantor" (2006) 54 American Journal of Comparative Law 799
  359. DEL GAIZO Danilo, "Riforme costituzionali e riorganizzazione territoriale" (2014) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIA LE_23072014154705.pdf&content=Riforme+costituzionali+e+riorganizzazione+territoriale&co ntent_auth=Danilo+Del+Gaizo)
  360. DELLEDONNE Giacomo & MARTINICO Giuseppe, "Handle with Care! The Regional Charters and Italian Constitutionalism's 'Grey Zone'" (2009) 5 European Constitutional Law Review 218 DELLEDONNE Giacomo & MARTINICO Giuseppe, "Legal Conflicts and Subnational Constitutionalism" (2010-2011) 42 Rutgers Law Journal 881
  361. DE LOMBAERDE Philippe, SÖDERBAUM Frederik, VAN LANGENHOVE Luk & BAERT Francis, "The problem of comparison in comparative regionalism" (2010) 36 Review of International Studies 731
  362. DE MARTIN Gian Candido, "Il sistema delle autonomie locali dopo il Titolo V: quali prospettive?" (2006) Amministrazione in cammino (online at http://amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/DE3.pdf)
  363. DE MARTIN Gian Candido, "Un ente strategico, ancorché misconosciuto: la provincia" (2009) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=13973&dpath=document&dfile=090920 09121821.pdf&content=Un+ente+strategico,+ancorch%C3%A9+misconosciuto:+la+provincia+- +stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  364. DE MARTIN Gian Candido, "I nodi della via italiana al federalismo" (2009) Amministrazione in Cammino (online at http://amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp- content/uploads/2010/04/AREL-I.pdf)
  365. DE MARTIN, Gian Candido, "La regionalizzazione dell'ordinamento degli enti locali" (2012) Amministrazione in Camino (online at http://www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp- content/uploads/2013/02/De-Martin_regionalizzazione-enti-locali.pdf)
  366. DE MARTIN Gian Candido, "Riforme autonomistiche incompiute e problemi culturali" (2013) Amministrazione in Cammino (online at http://www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp- content/uploads/2013/01/GCDeMartin_studi-onoreN_Greco.pdf)
  367. DE SCHUTTER Helder, "Nations Beyond Nationalism" (2007) 50 Inquiry 378
  368. DESIDERI Carlo, "A Short History of Regionalism in Italy Since the Republican Constitution. Italian Regionalism and Its Evolution" in Stelio Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014)
  369. DE SIERVO Ugo, "Il regionalismo italiano fra i limiti della riforma del Titolo V e la sua mancata attuazione" (2007) publication of the Institute for the Study of Regionalism, Federalism and Self-Government (online at http://www.issirfa.cnr.it/4173,908.html)
  370. DESTRO Adriana, "A new era and new themes in Italian politics: the case of Padania" (1997) 2 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 358
  371. DE VERGOTTINI Giuseppe, "Sulla riforma radicale del Senato" (2014) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24797&dpath=document&dfile=160420 14124622.pdf&content=Sulla+riforma+radicale+del+Senato+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  372. DICKMANN Renzo, "Osservazioni in tema di limiti al "potere estero" delle regioni e delle province autonome alla luce del nuovo Titolo V della parte seconda della Costituzione e della legge" (2002) federalismi.it DI FOLCO Marco, "Le province al tempo della crisi" (2013) Osservatorio dell'Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti (online at http://www.osservatorioaic.it/le-province-al-tempo-della- crisi.
  373. DI MUCCIO Guido, "La modifica dei confini delle regioni: l'articolo 132 della Costituzione nell'esperienza del legislatore" (2013) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=22658&dpath=document&dfile=110620 13121114.pdf&content=La+modifica+dei+confini+delle+regioni:+l%E2%80%99articolo+132+ della+Costituzione+nell%E2%80%99esperienza+del+legislatore+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  374. DINAN John, "State Constitutions and American Political Development" in Michael Burgess & Alan Tarr, eds., Constitutional Dynamics in Federal Systems: Sub-national Perspectives (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012)
  375. DORDELLI ROSALES Nelson, Constitutional Jurisprudence in the Supreme Court of Venezuela, LL.D Thesis, University of Ottawa, 2013
  376. DUPLÉ Nicole, Droit constitutionnel: principes fondamentaux, 5th ed. (Montreal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2011)
  377. ELAZAR Daniel, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 1987)
  378. ELAZAR Daniel, Federalism and a Way to Peace (Kingston, ON: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University, 1994)
  379. ELAZAR Daniel, "Contrasting Unitary and Federal Systems" (1997) 18 International Political Science Review 237 ERK Jan & ANDERSON Lawrence, "The Paradox of Federalism: Does Self-Rule Accommodate or Exacerbate Ethnic Divisions?" (2009) 19 Regional and Federal Studies 191
  380. EULAU Heinz, "Theories of federalism under the Holy Roman Empire" (1941) 35 The American Political Science Review 643
  381. EVA Fabrizio, "Deconstructing Italy: (Northern) Italians and their new perception of territoriality" (1999) 48 GeoJournal 101
  382. FABBRINI Sergio & BRUNAZZO Marco, "Federalizing Italy: The Convergent Effects of Europeanization and Domestic Mobilization" (2003) 13 Regional and Federal Studies 100
  383. FABBRINI Sergio, Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States (London, New York: Routledge, 2005)
  384. FABBRINI Sergio, "Political and institutional constraints on structural reforms: interpreting the Italian experience" (2013) 18 Modern Italy 423
  385. FABRIZZI Federica, "Riordino delle province: ultimo atto (forse)" (2012) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=21136&dpath=document&dfile=061120 12131821.pdf&content=Riordino+delle+province:+ultimo+atto+(forse)+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  386. FAWCETT Louise, "Exploring regional domains: a comparative history of regionalism" (2004) 80 International Affairs 429
  387. FERRARA Antonio, "Questione settentrionale. Dalla grande alla piccola secessione: la migrazione territoriale dei comuni come istanza di specializzazione in deroga ai principi del federalismo fiscale" (2007) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=FERRARA
  388. FERRARA Antonio & SCARPONE Davide, "The Special Regions and the Autonomous Provinces" in Stelio Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer 2014)
  389. FØLLESDAL Andreas, "Survey Article: Subsidiarity" (1998) 6 The Journal of Political Philosophy 190
  390. FRACANZANI Marcello, "L'insidiosa sussidiarietà nella riforma del titolo V della costituzione" (2006) federalismi.it (online at http://federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=5833&dpath=document&dfile=190920060358 08.pdf&content=L%27insidiosa+sussidiariet%C3%A0+nella+riforma+del+Titolo+V+della+Cos tituzione+-+autonomie+locali+-+dottrina+-+)
  391. FRANZESE Lucio, "Sussidiarietà vs decentramento" (2013) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=22417&dpath=document&dfile=130520 13170622.pdf&content=Sussidiariet%C3%A0+vs+decentramento+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  392. GAGNON Alain, "The moral foundations of asymmetrical federalism: a normative exploration of the case of Quebec and Canada" in Alain Gagnon & James Tully, eds., Multinational Democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
  393. GAGNON Alain & TULLY James, eds., Multinational Democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
  394. GARDNER James A., "Perspectives in Federalism. In search of Sub-National Constitutionalism" (2008) 4 European Constitutional Law Review 325
  395. GAUDREAULT-DESBIENS Jean-François, "Cooperative Federalism in Search of a Normative Justification: Considering the Principle of Federal Loyalty" (2014) 23 Constitutional Forum constitutionnel 1
  396. GIORDANO Benito, "Italian regionalism or 'Padanian' nationalism -the political project of the Lega Nord in Italian politics" (2000) 19 Political Geography 445
  397. GIORDANO Benito & ROLLER Elisa, "A comparison of Catalan and 'Padanian' nationalism: more similarities than differences" (2001) 3 Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 111
  398. GIORDANO Benito, "The Continuing Transformation of Italian Politics and the Contradictory Fortunes of the Lega Nord" (2003) 8 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 216
  399. GONTHIER Charles D., "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: the Forgotten Leg of the Trilogy, or Fraternity: the Unspoken Third Pillar of Democracy" (2000) 45 McGill Law Journal 567
  400. GORLANI Mario, "I cattolici e la costituzione: un confronto che continua" (2008) Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali (online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0091\_g orlani.pdf)
  401. GRASSO Giorgio, "Costituzione e federalismo. Nell'Italia delle Regioni e dell'Unione Europea" (2009) Amministrazione in Cammino (online at http://amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp- content/uploads/2010/04/Costituzione.pdf)
  402. GROPPI Tania & SCATTONE Nicoletta, "Italy: The Subsidiarity Principle" (2006) 4 International Journal of Constitutional Law 131
  403. GROPPI Tania, "Soppressione delle Province e nuovo Titolo V" (2009) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=13853&dpath=document&dfile=050820
  404. pdf&content=Soppressione+delle+province+e+nuovo+Titolo+V+-+stato+-+dottrina+-
  405. GROPPI Tania, "The Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Italian Written Constitution" (2012) 4 Italian Journal of Public Law 1
  406. GROTTANELLI de' SANTI Giovanni, "The Italian Variant of Federalism" in Jörg Fedtke & Sir Basil S. Markesinis, eds., Patterns of Regionalism and Federalism. Lessons for the UK (Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing, 2006)
  407. GUTMAN Amy, eds., Multiculturalism. Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994)
  408. HABERMAS Jürgen, "Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State" in Amy Gutman, ed., Multiculturalism. Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994)
  409. HADJIMICHALIS Costis, "The End of Third Italy As We Knew It?" (2006) 38 Antipode 82
  410. HALE Henry, "Divided We Stand. Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse" (2004) 56 World Politics 165
  411. HAMILTON Alexander, MADISON James & JAY John, The Federalist Papers (New York & London: Pocket Books, 2004)
  412. HENDERSON Ailsa, "Why Regions Matter: Sub-state Polities in Comparative Perspective" (2010) 20 Regional and Federal Studies 439
  413. HENKEL Christoph, "The Allocation of Powers in the European Union: A Closer Look at the Principle of Subsidiarity" (2002) 20 Berkeley Journal of International Law 359
  414. HINE David, "Federalism, Regionalism and the Unitary State: Contemporary Regional Pressures in Historical Perspective" in Carl Levy, ed., Italian Regionalism. History, Identity and Politics (Oxford & Washington, DC: Berg, 1996)
  415. HOLLAND S.K., "Regions Under-development in a Developed Economy: The Italian Case" (1971) 5 Regional Studies 71
  416. HOOGHE Liesbet & MARKS Gary, Multi-level Governance and European Integration (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001)
  417. HOOGHE Liesbet & MARKS Gary, "Unraveling the central state, but how?" (2003) 97
  418. American Political Science Review 233
  419. HOPKINS John W., Devolution in context: Regional, Federal and Devolved Government in the Member States of the European Union (London -Sydney: Cavendish Publishing Ltd, 2002)
  420. HOPPE Marcus, "Sub-state nationalism and European integration: constructing identity in the multi-level political space of Europe" (2005) 1 Journal of Contemporary European Research 13 HOUTEN Pieter van, "Economic regionalism in federal and hybrid systems of government" in John Loughlin, John Kincaid & Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London & New York: Routledge, 2013)
  421. HUEGLIN Thomas O., "Johannes Althusius: Medieval Constitutionalist or Modern Federalist"
  422. HUEGLIN Thomas O. & FENNA Alan, Comparative Federalism. A Systematic Inquiry (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2006)
  423. HUEGLIN Thomas O, "The Principle of Subsidiarity: Tradition -Practice -Relevance" in Ian Peach, ed., New Perspectives on Canadian Governance (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2007)
  424. HUYSSEUNE Michel, "Landscapes as a symbol of nationhood: the Alps in the rhetoric of the Lega Nord" (2010) 16 Nations and Nationalism 354
  425. IACOVIELLO Antonino, "Rules and Procedures for the Participation of Italian Regions in European Policymaking" in Stelio Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014)
  426. JOHN XXIII, Pacem in Terris, Encyclical on Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity and Liberty (1963), available online at: http://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/john\_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf\_j- xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html KANT Immanuel, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay (New York: Garland Pub., 1972)
  427. KANT Immanuel, "Toward Perpetual Peace" in Dimitrios Karmis & Wayne Norman, eds., Theories of Federalism. A Reader (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2005)
  428. KARMIS Dimitrios & NORMAN Wayne, eds., Theories of Federalism. A Reader (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2005)
  429. KEATING, Michael & WILSON, Alex "Reforming Italy: Institutional Change and the Federal Option" (2010) Edinburgh Europa Paper Series (online at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id=1691608)
  430. KHAN Arshi, "Federalism and Nonterritorial Minorities in India" in Alan Tarr, Robert Williams & Josef Marko, eds., Federalism, Subnational Constitutions, and Minority Rights (London & Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004)
  431. KING Preston, Federalism and Federation (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982)
  432. KYMLICKA Will, Multicultural citizenship. A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)
  433. KYMLICKA Will & NORMAN Wayne, "Citizenship in Culturally Diverse Societies: Issues, Contexts, Concepts" in Will Kymlicka & Wayne Norman, eds., Citizenship in Diverse Societies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)
  434. KYMLICKA Will & NORMAN Wayne, eds., Citizenship in Diverse Societies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)
  435. LACAITA Carlo & SABETTI Filippo, eds., Civilization and Democracy: The Salvemini Anthology of Cattaneo's Writings (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006)
  436. LECOURS André & ARBAN Erika, "Why Federalism Does Not Always Take Shape: the Cases of Italy and Nepal" (2015) 25 Regional and Federal Studies 183
  437. LEO XIII, Rerum Novarum, Encyclical on Capital and Labor (1891), available online at: http://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/leo\_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf\_l- xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html LEPRE Aurelio, Italia, Addio? Unità e disunità dal 1860 a oggi (Milano: Mondadori, 1994)
  438. LEPSCHY Anna Laura, LEPSCHY Giulio & VOGHERA Miriam, "Linguistic Variety in Italy" in Carl Levy, ed., Italian Regionalism. History, Identity and Politics (Oxford & Washington, DC: Berg, 1996)
  439. LEVY Carl, ed., Italian regionalism: history, identity and politics (Oxford & Washington DC: Berg, 1996)
  440. LIJPHART Arend, "Consociational Democracy" (1969) 21 World Politics 207
  441. LIJPHART Arendt, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977)
  442. LIVINGSTON W.S., "A note on the nature of federalism" (1952) 67 Political Science Quarterly 81 LOUGHLIN Martin, Foundations of Public Law (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2010)
  443. LOUGHLIN John, "Federalism, regionalism and local government: comparative perspectives on transforming the nation-state" (2008) 7 European Political Science 472
  444. LOUGHLIN John, "Reconfiguring the nation-state. Hybridity vs uniformity" in John Loughlin, John Kinkaid & Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism, (London & New York: Routledge, 2013)
  445. LOUGHLIN John, KINCAID John & SWENDEN Wilfried, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London and New York: Routledge, 2013)
  446. LOVETT Clara Maria, Carlo Cattaneo and the Politics of Risorgimento, 1820-1860 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1972)
  447. LUTZ Donald, "The Iroquois Confederation Constitution: An Analysis" (1998) 28 Publius 99
  448. LYTTLETON Adrian, "Shifting Identities: Nation, Region and City" in Carl Levy, ed., Italian Regionalism. History, Identity and Politics (Oxford & Washington, DC: Berg, 1996)
  449. MAIDEN Martin, "The Definition of Multilingualism in Historical Perspective" in Anna Laura Lepschy & Arturo Tosi, eds., Multilingualism in Italy. Past and Present (Oxford: Legenda/European Humanities Research Centre: in conjunction with the Modern Humanities Research Center, 2002)
  450. MANGIAMELI Stelio, "I processi di riforma in itinere. Considerazioni sul riflusso della riforma federale in Italia" (2006) Forum di Quadermi Costituzionali (online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/old\_pdf/1108.pdf)
  451. MANGIAMELI Stelio, "The Regions and the Reforms: Issues Resolved and Problems Pending" in Stelio Mangiameli, ed., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer 2014)
  452. MANGIAMELI Stelio, eds., Italian Regionalism: Between Unitary Traditions and Federal Processes (Cham: Springer, 2014)
  453. MARKS Gary, HOOGHE Liesbet & SCHAKEL Arjan H., "Measuring regional authority" (2008) 18 Regional and Federal Studies 111
  454. MARQUARDT Paul D., "Subsidiarity and sovereignty in the European Union" (1994-1995) 18
  455. Fordham International Law Journal 616
  456. MARTINICO Giuseppe, "Dating Cinderella: On Subsidiarity as a Political Safeguard of Federalism in the European Union" (2011) 17 European Public Law 649
  457. MARTINICO Giuseppe, "The Impact of 'Regional Blindness' on the Italian Regional State" in Elke Cloots, Geert De Baere & Stefan Sottiaux, eds., Federalism in the European Union (Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing, 2012)
  458. MARTINICO Giuseppe, "Asymmetry and complex adaptive (legal) systems: the case of the European Union" (2014) 21 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 281
  459. MARTINICO Giuseppe, "The Meta-National Dimension of Solidarity in the European Union. A Brief Comparison with Canada and Switzerland" unpublished paper presented at the World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law held in Oslo, Norway, June 16- 20, 2014 MASSETTI Emanuele & TOUBEAU Simon, "Sailing with Northern Winds: Party Politics and Federal Reforms in Italy" (2013) 36 West European Politics 359
  460. MAZZOLA Gianliborio, "Le Regioni fra riforme costituzionali, crisi finanziarie e federalismo" (2012) Amministrazione in Cammino (online at http://www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp- content/uploads/2012/06/Mazzola_Regioni_riforme-Cost_crisi_federalismo.pdf)
  461. MAZZOLENI Martino, "The Italian regionalisation: a story of partisan logics" (2009) 14
  462. Modern Italy 135
  463. McCARTY Patrick, "Italy: a new language for a new politics?" (1997) 2 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 337
  464. McCOY Charles & BAKER Wayne J., Fountainhead of Federalism. Heinrich Bullinger and the Covenantal Tradition (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991)
  465. McDONNELL Duncan, "A Weekend in Padania: Regionalism Populism and the Lega Nord" (2006) 26 Politics 126
  466. McEWEN Nicola & LECOURS André, "Voice or Recognition? Comparing Strategies for Accommodating Territorial Minorities in Multinational States" (2008) 46 Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 220
  467. McGARRY John, "Asymmetry in Federations, Federacies and Unitary States" (2007) 6 Ethnopolitics 105
  468. McGARRY John & O'LEARY Brendan, "Federations and managing nations" in Michael Burgess & John Pinder, eds., Multinational Federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007) McLACHLIN Beverly, "The Place of Federalism in Canadian Constitutional Law" (2012) Remarks of the Right Honourable Beverly McLachlin, P.C. Chief Justice of Canada at the Scottish Law Group, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 6, 2012 (online at http://splg.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2012/01/Chief-Justice-of-Canada-Remarks-6.6.12.pdf?)
  469. MINGIONE Enzo, Fragmented Societies. A Sociology of Economic Life beyond the Market Paradigm (Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991)
  470. MINGIONE Enzo, "Italy: the resurgence of regionalism" (1993) 69 International Affairs 305 MIRABELLI Cesare, "Local Autonomies, Regionalism and Federalism in the Italian Experience" in Jörg Fedtke & Sir Basil S. Markesinis, eds., Patterns of Regionalism and Federalism. Lessons for the UK (Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing, 2006)
  471. MORIN Michel, CORDONNIER-SEGGER Marie-Claire, GELINAS Fabien & GEHRING Markus, eds., Responsibility, Fraternity and Sustainability in Law. In memory of the Honourable Charles Doherty Gonthier (Markham, ON: LexisNexis Canada, 2012)
  472. MORRONE Andrea, "Regioni senza futuro?" Forum di Quaderni Costituzionali (online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0182\_ morrone.pdf)
  473. NARDINI Massimo, "La "via italiana al federalismo" tra vincoli di bilancio, giurisprudenza costituzionale e riforme istituzionali" (2013) Amministrazione in Cammino (online at http://www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp- content/uploads/2013/04/Nardini_Federalismo.pdf)
  474. NORMAN Wayne, Negotiating Nationalism: Nation-Building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multinational State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)
  475. OATES Wallace, "An Essay on Fiscal Federalism" (1999) 37 Journal of Economic Literature 1120 O'LEARY Brendan, "An iron law of nationalism and federation? A (neo-Diceyan) theory of the necessity of a federal Staatsvolk, and of consociational rescue" (2001) 7 Nations and Nationalism 273
  476. OTTAVIANI Vittorio, "Tendances dans l'évolution des régions italiennes à statut spécial" (1971) 37 International Review of Administrative Sciences 28
  477. OTTOMAN Juliana, "The Concept of Solidarity in National and European Law: The Welfare State and the European Social Model" (2008) 1Vienna Online Journal on International Constitutional Law PALERMO Francesco, "Italy: A Federal Country without Federalism" in Michael Burgess & G. Alan Tarr, eds., Constitutional Dynamics in Federal Systems: Sub-national perspectives (Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012)
  478. PALERMO Francesco & WILSON Alex, "The Dynamics of Decentralization in Italy: Towards a Federal Solution?" (2013) European Diversity and Autonomy Papers, EDAP 04/2013(online at http://aei.pitt.edu/41705/4/2013\_edap04.pdf)
  479. PASSARELLI Gianluca, "Extreme right parties in Western Europe: the case of the Italian Northern League" (2013) 18 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 53
  480. PATRONI GRIFFI Andrea, "Federalismo, Mezzogiorno e sviluppo solidale" Forum di Quaderni costituzionali (online at http://www.forumcostituzionale.it/wordpress/images/stories/pdf/documenti\_forum/paper/0247\_p atroni_griffi.pdf)
  481. PEACH Ian, ed., New Perspectives on Canadian Governance (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2007)
  482. PINDER John, "Multinational federations" in Michael Burgess & John Pinder, eds., Multinational Federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007), PINELLI Cesare, "The 1948 Italian Constitution and the 2006 Referendum: Food for Thought" (2006) 2 European Constitutional Law Review 329
  483. PINELLI Cesare, "Regioni e rapporti internazionali secondo l'art. 117 Cost." federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=107&dpath=document&dfile=ACF165A .pdf&content=Regioni+e+rapporti+internazionali+secondo+l%27art.+117+Cost+-+stato+- +dottrina+-+%20)[Pinelli,%20Regioni%20e%20rapporti)
  484. PIRAS Aldo, "Les régions italiennes à statut ordinaire" (1971) 37 International Review of Administrative Sciences 35
  485. PIROZZOLI Anna, "Sulla legittimità costituzionale del riordino delle province" (2012) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=21137&dpath=document&dfile=081120 12115130.pdf&content=Sulla+legittimit%C3%A0+costituzionale+del+riordino+delle+province +-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  486. PIUS XI, Quadrigesimo Anno, Encyclical on Reconstruction of the Social Order (1931), available online at: http://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/pius\_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf\_p- xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno_en.html POGGI Annamaria, "Funzioni e funzionalità del Senato delle Autonomie" (2014) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24819&dpath=document&dfile=160420 14124333.pdf&content=Funzioni+e+funzionalit%C3%A0+del+Senato+delle+Autonomie+- +stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  487. PORENA Daniele, "Nel nuovo senato delle autonomie nasce il "partito del Presidente" (2014) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24798&dpath=document&dfile=140420 14103921.pdf&content=Nel+nuovo+Senato+delle+Autonomie+nasce+il+%27partito+del+Presid ente%27+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  488. PROUDHON Pierre-Joseph, La f d ration et l'unit en Italie (Paris: Dentu, 1862)
  489. PROUDHON Pierre-Joseph, The Principle of Federation. Translated and introduced by Richard Vernon (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979)
  490. PUTNAM Robert D., Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993)
  491. RAZZANO Giovanna, "La materia concorrente della produzione, trasporto, e distribuzione nazionale dell'energia nella recente giurisprudenza costituzionale, fra leale collaborazione e doveri di solidarietà" (2011) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=18394&dpath=document&dfile=280620 11112903.pdf&content=La+materia+concorrente+della+produzione,+trasporto+e+distribuzione +nazionale+dell%27energia+nella+recente+giurisprudenza+costituzionale,+fra+leale+collaboraz ione+e+doveri+di+solidariet%C3%A0+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  492. REQUEJO Ferran, "Decentralization and Federal and Regional Asymmetries in Comparative Politics" in Ferran Requejo & Klaus-Jürgen Nagel, eds., Federalism Beyond Federations. Asymmetry and Processes of Resymmetrisation in Europe (Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate, 2011) REQUEJO Ferran & NAGEL Klaus-Jürgen, eds., Federalism Beyond Federations. Asymmetry and Processes of Resymmetrisation in Europe (Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate, 2011)
  493. REQUEJO Ferran, "Plurinational federalism and political theory" in John Loughlin, John Kincaid & Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London & New York: Routledge, 2013)
  494. ROBITAILLE David, Normativité, interpretation et justification des droits economiques et sociaux : le cas Quebecois et Sud-Africain (Bruxelles : Bruylant, 2011)
  495. ROGOFF Martin A., "Federalism in Italy and the Relevance of the American Experience" (1997) 12 Tulane European and Civil Law Forum 65
  496. ROSS Malcom & BORGMANN-PREBIL Yuri, eds., Promoting Solidarity in the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
  497. ROSSI Emanuele, "Senato delle Autonomie: una composizione da rivedere (è possible un Senato di dopolavoristi?)" (2014) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=24805&dpath=document&dfile=150420 14151337.pdf&content=Senato+delle+autonomie:+una+composizione+da+rivedere+(%C3%A8 +possibile+un+Senato+di+dopolavoristi?)+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  498. ROUX Christophe, "Italy's path to federalism. Origins and paradoxes" (2008) 13 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 325 SABETTI Filippo, The Search for Good Government. Understanding the Paradox of Italian Democracy (Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000)
  499. SABETTI Filippo, Civilization and Self-Government. The Political Thought of Carlo Cattaneo (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010)
  500. SALERNO Carmela, "Note sul principio di leale collaborazione prima e dopo la riforma del titolo V della costituzione" (2010) Amministrazione in Cammino (online at http://amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Salerno.pdf)
  501. SALERNO Giulio M., "Le autonomie e la repubblica" (2006), federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=SALERNO .pdf&content=Le+autonomie+e+la+Repubblica&content_auth=Giulio+M.+Salerno)
  502. SALVEMINI Gaetano, Scritti sulla Questione Meridionale (1896-1955), (Torino: Einaudi, 1955)
  503. SCHÜTZE Robert, From Dual to Cooperative Federalism. The Changing Structure of European Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)
  504. SCULLY Roger & JONES Richard Wyn, eds., Europe, Regions and European Regionalism (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
  505. SHAH Anwar, "Fiscal federalism and the political economy of territorial governance" in John Loughlin, John Kincaid & Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London & New York: Routledge, 2013)
  506. SIMEON Richard & CONWAY Daniel-Patrick, "Federalism and the management of conflict in multinational societies" in Alain-G. Gagnon & James Tully, eds., Multinational Democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
  507. SPEKTOROWSKI Alberto, "Ethnoregionalism: the Intellectual New Right and the Lega Nord" (2003) 2 The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 55
  508. SPINELLI Altiero & ROSSI Ernesto, Il Manifesto di Ventotene, original (Italian) version of the document available online at http://www.sinistraliberale.org/files/Manifesto\_di\_Ventotene\_1944.pdf. Excerpts of this document are available in English in Dimitrios Karmis & Wayne Norman, eds., Theories of Federalism. A Reader (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2005)
  509. STAIANO Sandro, "Le autonomie locali in tempi di recessione: emergenza e lacerazione del sistema" (2012) federalismi.it (online at http://federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=20795&dpath=document&dfile=11092012130
  510. pdf&content=Le+autonomie+locali+in+tempi+di+recessione:+emergenza+e+lacerazione+d el+sistema+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  511. STAIANO Sandro, "Mitologie federaliste ed esperienza del regionalismo" (2012) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?dpath=document\\editoriale&dfile=EDITORIA LE_23102012144605.pdf&content=Mitologie+federaliste+ed+esperienza+del+regionalismo&co
  512. STERPA Alessandro, "Il principio di sussidiarietà nel diritto comunitario e nella Costituzione" (2010) federalismi.it (online at http://www.federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=16704&dpath=document&dfile=270720 10182328.pdf&content=Il+principio+di+sussidiariet%C3%A0+nel+diritto+comunitario+e+nella +Costituzione+-+stato+-+dottrina+-+)
  513. STIERNØ Steinar, Solidarity in Europe. The History of an Idea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
  514. SUPER David A., "Rethinking Fiscal Federalism" (2005) 118 Harvard Law Review 2544 SWENDEN Wilfried, Federalism and Regionalism in Western Europe. A Comparative and Thematic Analysis (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006)
  515. SWENDEN Wilfried, "Territorial strategies for managing plurinational states" in John Loughlin, John Kincaid & Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London & New York: Routledge, 2013)
  516. TAMBINI Damian, Nationalism in Italian Politics: The Stories of the Northern League, 1980- 2000 (London, New York: Routledge, 2001)
  517. TARLTON Charles D., "Symmetry and Asymmetry as Elements of Federalism: A Theoretical Speculation" (1965) 27 Journal of Politics 861
  518. TARR Alan, WILLIAMS Robert & MARKO Josef, eds., Federalism, Subnational Constitutions, and Minority Rights (London & Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004)
  519. TAYLOR Charles, "The Politics of Recognition" in Amy Gutman, ed., Multiculturalism. Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994)
  520. TER-MINASSIAN Teresa, ed., Fiscal Federalism in Theory and Practice (Publication oof the International Monetary Fund, 1997)
  521. THOM Martin, "City and language in the thought of Carlo Cattaneo" (2000) 5 Journal of Modern Italian Studies 1
  522. TIERNEY Stephen, Constitutional Law and National Pluralism (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)
  523. TIERNEY Stephen, "Federalism in a Unitary State: a Paradox too Far?" (2009) 19 Regional and Federal Studies 237
  524. TONIATTI Roberto, "Le prospettive di revisione costituzionale e l'Ipoteca neo-centralista sulla riforma dell'ordinamento regionale" (2013) Rivista dell'Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti (online at http://www.rivistaaic.it/le-prospettive-di-revisione-costituzionale-e-l- ipoteca-neo-centralista-sulla-riforma-dell-ordinamento-regionale.
  525. TOTH A. G., "The Principle of Subsidiarity in the Maastricht Treaty" (1992) 29 Common Market Law Review 1079
  526. TUBERTINI Claudia, "Public Administration in the Light of the New Title V of the Italian Constitution" (2006) 12 European Public Law 35
  527. VAN KERSBERGEN Kees & VERBEEK Bertjan, "The Politics of Subsidiarity in the European Union" (1994) 32 Journal of Common Market Studies 215
  528. VAUSE Gary W., "The Subsidiarity Principle in European Union Law -American Federalism Compared" (1995) 27 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 61
  529. VON BEYME Klaus, "Asymmetric federalism between globalization and regionalization" (2005) 12 Journal of European Public Policy 432
  530. WATTS Ronald, Comparaison des regimes federaux, 2eme ed. (Montreal & Kingston : Institut des relations intergouvernamentales, 2002)
  531. WATTS Ronald, "Multinational Federations in Comparative Perspective" in Michael Burgess & John Pinder, eds., Multinational Federations (London & New York: Routledge, 2007)
  532. WATTS Ronald, "Typologies of federalism" in John Loughlin, John Kincaid and Wilfried Swenden, eds., Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism (London & New York: Routledge, 2013)
  533. WHEARE Kenneth, Federal government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963)
  534. WIESSNER, Siegfried, "The Movement Towards Federalism in Italy: a Policy-Oriented Perspective" (2002-2003) 15 St. Thomas Law Review 301
  535. WYN JONES Richard & SCULLY Roger, "Introduction: Europe, Regions, and European Regionalism" in Roger Scully & Richard Wyn Jones, eds., Europe, Regions and European Regionalism (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
  536. ZANARDI Alberto, "Il federalismo differenziato nell'articolo 116 della costituzione: una breve nota" (2006) federalismi.it (online at http://federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=6309&dpath=document&dfile=141120060153 18.pdf&content=Il+federalismo+differenziato+nell%E2%80%99articolo+116+della+Costituzion e:+una+breve+nota+-+autonomie+locali+-+dottrina+-+)
  537. ZIBLATT Daniel, Structuring the State: the formation of Italy and Germany and the puzzle of federalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)
  538. ZIBLATT Daniel, "Rethinking the Origins of Federalism. Puzzle, Theory, and Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Europe" (2007) 57 World Politics 70