Overlapping sets of transcripts from host and non-host interactions of tomato are expressed early during non-host resistance (original) (raw)
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Plant–Pathogen Interactions: What Microarray Tells About It
Molecular Biotechnology
Plant defense responses are mediated by elementary regulatory proteins that affect expression of thousands of genes. Over the last decade, microarray technology has played a key role in deciphering the underlying networks of gene regulation in plants that lead to a wide variety of defence responses. Microarray is an important tool to quantify and profile the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously, with two main aims: (1) gene discovery and (2) global expression profiling. Several microarray technologies are currently in use; most include a glass slide platform with spotted cDNA or oligonucleotides. Till date, microarray technology has been used in the identification of regulatory genes, end-point defence genes, to understand the signal transduction processes underlying disease resistance and its intimate links to other physiological pathways. Microarray technology can be used for in-depth, simultaneous profiling of host/pathogen genes as the disease progresses from infection to resistance/susceptibility at different developmental stages of the host, which can be done in different environments, for clearer understanding of the processes involved. A thorough knowledge of plant disease resistance using successful combination of microarray and other high throughput techniques, as well as biochemical, genetic, and cell biological experiments is needed for practical application to secure and stabilize yield of many crop plants. This review starts with a brief introduction to microarray technology, followed by the basics of plant–pathogen interaction, the use of DNA microarrays over the last decade to unravel the mysteries of plant–pathogen interaction, and ends with the future prospects of this technology.
Microarray analyses during early stage of the tomato/Alternaria solani interaction
Genomics Data, 2015
Tomato early blight is an important threat and it has capacity to reduce the production in all major tomato producing areas. Molecular mechanism underlying the resistance against this is not well known. Therefore we studied this system to search the possible mechanism of resistance, which includes pathogenesis related protein, and pathways and transcription factors, which are responsible for resistance against this pathogen using affymetrix gene chip for tomato. Their differential expressions have enhanced the biochemical and other related products, which have, direct or indirect role in stopping the penetration of mycelia in the host plant.
Defense Strategies: The Role of Transcription Factors in Tomato–Pathogen Interaction
Biology
Tomato, one of the most cultivated and economically important vegetable crops throughout the world, is affected by a panoply of different pathogens that reduce yield and affect product quality. The study of tomato–pathogen system arises as an ideal system for better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance, offering an opportunity of improving yield and quality of the products. Among several genes already identified in tomato response to pathogens, we highlight those encoding the transcription factors (TFs). TFs act as transcriptional activators or repressors of gene expression and are involved in large-scale biological phenomena. They are key regulators of central components of plant innate immune system and basal defense in diverse biological processes, including defense responses to pathogens. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of tomato TFs regarding defense responses to biotic stresses. Hence, we focus on different families of TFs, select...
South African Journal of Botany, 2016
Tomato early blight is an important threat due to its capacity to reduce the production in all major tomato producing areas. Molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to the causal organism are not well known. Therefore, we aimed to study tomato-Alternaria solani system to search the transcription factors and pathways which, are responsible for resistance to this fungi using, affymetrix gene chip for tomato. three hundred ninety five transcription factors were found to be differentially expressed at 24 h after inoculation with A. solani in the resistant genotype, EC-520,061, of tomato. Also, Zinc Finger Proteins, Ribosomal binding unit S4 and Auxin responsive transcription factors were found to play significant role in resistance. Their expression has enhanced the pathogenesis related proteins and also other proteins as well, which, have direct role in stopping the penetration of mycelia in host plant.
Genome Biology
Early response genes encoding potential regulators of pathogen and wound-induced plant responses have been identified using gene expression profiling. Significance and context Plants can specifically recognize distinct races of pathogenic microorganisms and can respond with appropriate defense measures. Such race-specific resistance requires a complementary pair of genes consisting of a plant resistance (R) gene and an avirulence (Avr) gene of the pathogen. Their products are thought to be directly involved in the recognition event that triggers resistance. One of the earliest defense responses of plants is the generation of active oxygen species (AOS, oxidative burst), which can be detected in cell culture systems within a few minutes after pathogen recognition. Besides having toxic effects on the invading pathogen, AOS appear to play a role in signaling. Defense-associated activation of numerous genes has been previously demonstrated to be dependent on the oxidative burst. Using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), Durrant et al. have for the first time comprehensively examined early gene expression changes, which are independent of the oxidative burst, induced during a race-specific plant pathogen interaction. By choosing a time window that covers the first 30 minutes after pathogen recognition, they focused exclusively on early response genes, some of which may encode regulators of successive defense responses, including the oxidative burst. Key results The tomato R gene Cf9 confers resistance to races of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum expressing the Avr9 avirulence gene. A cDNA-AFLP-based RNA fingerprinting analysis was applied to cultured tobacco cells that contain Cf9as a transgene, 30 minutes after treatment with recombinant Avr9 protein. Based on non-selective amplification of cDNA fragments representing cellular mRNAs, this method allows gene expression profiling which requires, in contrast to cDNA microarrays, no prior assumptions about the set of genes that might be affected. Using 512 primer combinations, approximately 30,000 AFLP fragments were visualized. The authors estimate that this may represent more than 75% of all tobacco transcript species. Differential expression
Regulation of Defense-related Gene Expression during Plant-Pathogen Interactions
Journal of nematology, 1993
Plants have evolved a broad array of defense mechanisms involved in disease resistance. These include synthesis of phytoalexin antibiotics and proteinase inhibitors, deposition of cell wall materials, and accumulation of hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinases. Resistance appears to depend on the ability of the host to recognize the pathogen rapidly and induce these defense responses in order to limit pathogen spread. Application of molecular technologies has yielded significant new information on mechanisms involved in pathogen recognition, signal transduction, and defense-related gene activation, and is leading to novel strategies for engineering enhanced disease resistance. We are using these approaches to analyze regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), a key enzyme mediating the production of terpenoid defense compounds. This enzyme is encoded by four genes in tomato; hmg2 gene expression is specifically associated with responses to pathogen or defense elici...
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 2003
The Pto gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that confers resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strains that express the type III effector protein AvrPto. Constitutive overexpression of Pto in tomato, in the absence of AvrPto, activates defense responses and confers resistance to several diverse bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. We have used a series of gene discovery and expression profiling methods to examine the effect of Pto overexpression in tomato leaves. Analysis of the tomato expressed sequence tag database and suppression subtractive hybridization identified 600 genes that were potentially differentially expressed in Pto-overexpressing tomato plants compared with a sibling line lacking Pto. By using cDNA microarrays, we verified changes in expression of many of these genes at various time points after inoculation with P. syringae pv tomato (avrPto) of the resistant Pto-overexpressing line and the susceptible sibling line. The combination of these three approaches led to the identification of 223 POR (Pto overexpression responsive) genes. Strikingly, 40% of the genes induced in the Pto-overexpressing plants previously have been shown to be differentially expressed during the human (Homo sapiens) and/or fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster) immune responses. 224 -6692. Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/
Patterns of defence gene expression in the tomato-Verticillium interaction
Botany, 2009
In a tomato plant infected by Verticillium dahliae, race 1, compatibility or incompatibility appears to be determined in the stem, but little is known about the genes that either regulate or effect critical cellular events. In the present study, microarray and RT-PCR analyses were used to assess changes in tomato mRNA populations during both interactions. Initially, a commercially available DNA chip was used to screen gene expression at a single critical time point after inoculation of resistant and susceptible plants. From the results, the most-affected genes were selected to develop a tomato Verticillium response (TVR) DNA chip for detailed analyses of gene expression for 15 d after inoculation. Taken together, over half of the genes on the TVR array exhibited one of three distinct patterns of change, one reflecting a resistant phenotype and two being consistent with a susceptible phenotype. Of particular interest was a cluster of strongly expressed genes belonging to groups 2 and 3 that appeared to be co-ordinately down regulated in infected resistant plants relative to susceptible. Many of these genes encode pathogenesis related (PR) proteins. The data demonstrate that even though complex, the biological system can be standardized sufficiently to allow the reproducible analysis of gene expression in a whole plant system and provide patterns of transcriptional variation that can be used to assess the significance of specific genes in pathogenesis and resistance.
To further increase our understanding of responses in tomato to early blight pathogen, we studied a microarray analysis using Affymetrix Tomato Gene chip array, representing approximately 10,000 genes. Our goal was to understand the pattern of expression of pathogenesis related proteins, which have important roles during interaction between host and pathogen. We found that total thirty two genes in this category showed significant changes in resistant and susceptible genotypes i.e. EC-520061 and CO-3. Amongst these thirty two genes, twenty genes were up regulated in case of resistant genotype whereas no significant up regulation in fold change (FC) was observed in case of the susceptible genotype. This study might be useful for further improvement of resistance in agronomically accepted tomato variety.