Thinking Beyond The Führer: The Ideological and Structural Evolution of National Socialism, 1919-1934 (original) (raw)

Much of the discussion of German National Socialism has historically focused on of Adolf Hitler as the architect of the Nazi state. While recognizing Hitler's central role in the development of National Socialism, this thesis contends that he was not a lone actor. Much of the ideological and structural development National Socialism was driven by senior individuals within the party who were able to leverage their influence to institutionalize personal variants of National Socialism within broader party ideology. To explore the role of other ideologues for helping me examine this subject matter of this thesis though the complimentary lens of political science and for opening potential new professional and academic pathways to me in the process. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the recently retired Dr. Cheryl Riggs, one of the most rigorous, thorough, and thought-provoking professors with whom I have ever had the honor to study. Further, I wish to express my thanks to program coordinator Dr. Jose Muñoz, and the faculty of the Masters in Social Science and Globalization Program at California State University San Bernardino for creating a truly interdisciplinary academic program from which I have tremendously benefited. Finally, I would like to express my eternal gratitude to my family for their thoughtful critique and support throughout a lengthy research and writing process. Without your support, this thesis could not have been completed. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .

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Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress. By Richard Weikart. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. Pp. xiii + 254. Cloth $79.95. ISBN 978-0-230-61807-7

Central European History, 2010

could be forgiven against the backdrop of the Franco-Soviet Pact, the election of the Popular Front government, and the Spanish Civil War. In this context, Nazi Germany stood as a bulwark against the advance of Bolshevism. Ultimately it was aggressive Nazi foreign policy ambitions after the Munich crisis that gave rise to profound divisions on the French far right. Even so, as Orlow shows, some French fascists, such as Marcel Déat, still remained under the lure of Nazism. Needless to say, international fascism was a failure. With regard to German National Socialism, this succinct book, through its two case studies, tells us why. In the first place, in pursuing its war of conquest, Nazi Germany had no interest in international fascism as a cooperative venture. Second, for a variety of reasons, both French and Dutch fascists failed to secure governmental power in the 1930s (the same was true for fascist movements elsewhere). Third, international fascism foundered on the stubborn fact that indigenous fascists were essentially committed to their own permutations of hypernationalism-a case of putting the national before the European Volksgemeinschaft.

The Construction of National Socialist Ideology: Degeneracy and the Volk

Art and the Nazis 12/5/16 Chloe Hyman Art and the Nazis Professor Fogle 2 For the German people, the interwar years were marked by unemployment, economic collapse, and an overwhelming sense of demoralization. National Socialist ideology manipulated the vulnerable German population by manufacturing a scapegoat from pre-existing German prejudices. This scapegoat, labeled "Degeneracy," was a conglomeration of Judaism, Bolshevism, modernism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism. The notion of degeneracy did not appear overnight. Strains of it had emerged over the last hundred years and were picking up speed during the difficult inter-war years. Nazi Socialist ideology promised to fill the void left by the elimination of these evils with the triumphant return of the German Volk-the term used to describe the German people. The foil to degeneracy, the German Volk was also a conglomeration of pre-existing German values, including respectability and beauty. Analysis of the art Hitler commissioned art reflects how National Socialism glorified these Volkish values.

The Annexation of National Socialism by Hitlerism

The conventional view within scholarship of the history is that solely Adolf Hitler conceptualized National Socialism. I challenge this historical perceptive, as I contend that the political-philosophical principals which Nazism espoused had been in existence well before Hitler came to the foreground of German politics. Furthermore, I will argue that it was through sheer force of will and political manoeuvring that Hitler managed to attain the leadership of the Nazi Movement and then expropriated it for his own worldview.

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