Physical explanations of Einstein's gravity (original) (raw)

Abstract

Einstein's gravitational field equations from his general theory of relativity have formed the foundations of gravitational studies since their publication. His work is widely acknowledged as an example of a theoretical study that made a great contribution to our understanding of gravity. Einstein's mathematical approach has made the topic complex and open to misinterpretation. This study evaluates the physics upon which his mathematics operates. It shows that mass distorts spacetime by the redshift of photons. It derives two alternative metrics to the Schwarzschild metric. One was derived directly from Einstein's early work on gravity. The other was derived from Einstein's field equations by removing the approximations introduced in the Schwarzschild metric derivation. Both match observation better than the Schwarzschild metric and show why Einstein did not believe in black holes. The metric derived directly from Einstein's early gravitational study, predicts the torus shape shown in the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration image. In showing the physics involved, this study suggests it is easier to understand the complexities of his work.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (37)

  1. Galileo G 1610 Siderius Nuncius (Venice: Galileo G)
  2. Galileo G 1632 Dial Sopra i due Massimi Sistemi del Mondo (Florence: Galileo G)
  3. Newton I 1687 Philosophae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 1 Propositions 1-32 45
  4. Newton I 1729 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 1 ed A Motte (London: Motte B) Propositions 1-32 published 45
  5. Snelders H A M 1989 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 43 209
  6. Le Verrier U 1859 Compt rend l'Acad de scie Paris 49 379 (https://archive.org/details/comptesrendusheb49acad/page/378/mode/ 2up?view=theater)
  7. Newcomb S 1882 US Nautical Almanac Office Astronomical paper 1 (Washington) p 473 (http://www.relativitycalculator.com/pdfs/ mercury_perihelion_advance/S.Newcomb.pdf)
  8. Matzner R A 2001 Dict. Geophys Astrophys and Astron (London: CRC Press) 360
  9. Clemence G N 1947 Rev. Mod. Phys. 19 361
  10. Park R S et al 2017 Astronom J. 153 121
  11. Einstein A 1915a Preuss Akad der Wissen Sitzung 2 831
  12. Einstein A 1915b Preuss Akad der Wissen Sitzung 2 844
  13. Einstein A 1916 Ann der Phys. 49 769
  14. Einstein A 1952d The Principle of Relativity ed A Einstein et al (New York: Dover Publications) p 99 [16] The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al 2019a Astrophys. J. Lett. 875 L4
  15. The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al 2019b (https://eso.org/public/images/eso1907a/)
  16. Whitehead A N 1922 The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
  17. Einstein A 1911 Ann der Phys. 35 898
  18. Einstein A 1952c The Principle of Relativity ed A Einstein et al (New York: Dover Publications) 111
  19. Einstein A 1905a Ann der Phys. 17 132
  20. Haag ter 1967 The Old Quantum Theory (Oxford: Pergamon) ch 3 (English translation)
  21. Einstein A 1905b Ann der Phys. 17 891
  22. Einstein A 1952a The Principle of Relativity ed A Einstein et al (New York: Dover Publications) p 37 [25] Einstein A 1905a Ann der Phys. 17 639
  23. Einstein A 1952b The Principle of Relativity ed A Einstein et al (New York: Dover Publications) p 69
  24. Pound R V and Rebka G A 1959 Phys. Rev. Lett. 3 439
  25. Pound R V and Snider J L 1961 Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 539
  26. Pound R V 2000 Class Quant Grav 17 2303
  27. van der Mark M B and 't Hooft G W 2000 Nederland Natuur Verening p 1 arXiv.org/abs/1508.06478v1
  28. Adams W S 1910 Astrophys. J. 31 30
  29. Adam M G 1948 MNRAS 108 446
  30. Gonzalez Hernandez J I et al 2020 Astron and Astrophys 643 A146
  31. Minkowski H 1908 Deut Math-Vereinig 18 75
  32. Minkowski H 1952 The Principle of Relativity ed A Einstein et al (New York: Dover Publications) p 75
  33. Schwarzschild K 1916 Sitzung der Kön Preuss Akad der Wissen, Phys. Math., K1, p 189 (English language: (https://arxiv.org/pdf/ physics/9905030.pdf)
  34. Misner C W, Thorne K S and Wheeler J A 1973 Gravitation (New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co.) ch 31
  35. Eddington A S 1920 Space Time and Gravitation Cambridge University Press) chs 7 8
  36. Dyson F W, Eddington A S and Davidson C 1920 Phil. Trans. Roy Soc (London) 220A, p 291
  37. Gravity Collaboration 2018 Astron and Astrophys 615 L15