Histomorphometric and hematological profile of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during acute endosulfan toxicity (original) (raw)
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Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
Two experiments, one short-term and one long-term, were conducted to elucidate the acute and chronic effects, respectively, of endosulfan exposure on the haemato-immunological and histopathological responses of Channa puncatatus. In the short-term study, fish were exposed to sublethal endosulfan (8.1 μg l−1) for 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. In the long-term study, fish were fed with normal diet and simultaneously either exposed to endosulfan (1.2 μg l−1) for 90 days or not. Results showed that the ascorbic acid levels in both the liver and the muscle decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by acute and chronic endosulfan exposure. The haemoglobin (Hb) level reduced significantly (P < 0.05) by 15.5% within 12 h of acute endosulfan exposure, further decreased by 25.8% after 24 h of exposure, however, thereafter the values increased and at the end of 72 h returned to normal levels. Almost similar trend was observed for the erythrocyte (RBC) count. The WBC count and the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) value showed a general increasing trend with increase in the duration of acute endosulfan exposure. The chronic exposure of C. punctatus to endosulfan significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the Hb level, RBC and WBC counts, NBT reduction value and the plasma parameters such as plasma protein, albumin (A) and globulin (G) compared with that of the control (except for A/G ratio). Endosulfan exposure also severely altered the liver histological structure. Overall results indicated that both short-term acute and long-term chronic endosulfan exposure had a significant impact on the haemato-immunological parameters and tissue histopathology of C. punctatus.
Hematological and Neurotoxic Effects of Endosulfan Pesticide on Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2012
The present study including determined blood picture by measuring red blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and white blood cells in common carp Cyprinus carpio, as well as description behavior and growth of carp fish .In order to estimate LC50 used 240 fingerlings of common carp Cyprinus carpio were exposed to 0.0008μg/L, 0.0010μg/L, 0.0011μg/L, 0.0012μg/L, 0.0013μg/L, 0.0014μg/L and 0.0015μg/L. The LC50 of endosulfan was 0.0012μg/L for 48h of exposure Fish behavioral were recorded that showed abnormalities after exposure to the various endosulfan concentrations such as increase swimming activity, hypersensitivity, jerky movement, violent movements, loss of equilibrium, hyperactivity, increase operculum movement, frequent jumping, swimming at the water surface, erratic swimming, spiraling, convulsion, escape attempts from the aquarium with respiratory stress and decrease in respiratory rate as well as a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in body weight of...
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 1991
Prolonged exposure (4 weeks) to 6.72 ppb of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan induced disturbances in the blood and organ chemistry values of a common fish, Barbus conchonius. In blood the total lipids, cholesterol, and proteins were decreased in comparison to unexposed controls, while the free fatty acids (EPA), glucose, total phosphorus, and lactate were increased. Total lipids, PPA, and proteins were augmented in liver; cholesterol, in liver and ovary; and phosphorus and glycogen, in skeletal muscles. Compared to the controls, a decrease was seen in the total lipids (skeletal muscles and ovary), glycogen (liver, brain, and heart), and cholesterol (testes). Hyperlipemia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperlactemia persisted during a recovery period of 1 week in clean water following endosulfan poisoning.
TOXICITY OF ENDOSULFAN ON FRESHWATER FISH CHANNA STRIATUS
Trends in Fisheries Research Vol. 1 No. 1 (2012), 2012
An attempt was made to study the acute toxicity of Endosulfan to the freshwater food fish Channa striatus. The LC50 for 96hrs was 0.0035 ppm and fishes were exposed to this concentration. Behavioral and morphological changes were observed during acute exposure.
Aquaculture Nutrition, 2010
The inclusion of plant-based ingredients in commercial fish feeds may pose a challenge because of the presence of undesirable substances, such as the pesticide endosulfan. Waterborne endosulfan is highly toxic to fish, whereas dietborne exposure has varied toxicity in different species. To investigate the systemic effects of endosulfan exposure, quadruplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either 0 (control), 0.005 mg kg )1 ; the European Union's maximum limit, or 10 or 20 times this level (0.05 and 0.1 mg kg )1 respectively) for 95 days. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in liver somatic index, spleen somatic index, condition factor or growth among treatments. There were no indications of liver damage in fish from any of the groups in the biomarkers measured: plasma aspartate aminotransferase, plasma alanine aminotransferase and histopathology. Similarly, there were no apparent treatmentrelated effects on the haematological parameters Hct, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and blood sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride levels were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among groups. Lipid digestibility, but not energy, protein, or glycogen digestibility, was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at the highest exposure concentration. However, no significant differences were observed in lipid production value or lipid efficiency ratio. In contrast to previous studies, clinical histological abnormalities were not observed in the intestine, liver or spleen of endosulfan-treated fish.
Endosulfan Toxicity to Anabas testudineus and Histopathological Changes on Vital Organs
E3S Web of Conferences, 2018
The toxicity of endosulfan, an organochlorine type insecticide to a commonly consumed freshwater fish species, A. testudineus (40.68±9.03 g; 13.49±0.99 cm), was investigated under static conditions. The nominal endosulfan concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 μg/L subjected to the fish population results in 96-hour median lethal concentration, LC50, of 35.2±3.99 μg/L. The toxicity is a function of both endosulfan concentration and exposure time (p>0.05). Histopathological analysis on vital organs exposed to sublethal concentrations indicates that structural changes started at sublethal dose and the effects aggravated with increasing endosulfan concentration. Gill was found to experience aneurism, hyperplasia in lamellar and autolysis of mast cell. Pyknotic nuclei and necrosis were observed in liver cell, while the lumen of renal tubule was found to narrow and haemorrhage was observed in cytoplasm cell. High LC50 compared to other fishes indicates that A. testudineus has high toler...
Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 2012
The impact of Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide on the gills of Indian freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus was evaluated. The experimental group was exposed to 0.5µg/L of endosulfan for 30 days. Experimental and control fishes were sacrificed every 10 days for 30 days. The gills were fixed in Bouin's solution, dehydrated in graded ethanol, infiltrated in xylene, sectioned at 4-6µm and stained in hematoxylin and eosin. Epithelial necrosis, hypertrophy of epithelial cells, rupture of gill epithelium and hemorrhage at primary lamellae were observed in fishes after 10 days of exposure, while lifting of the epithelium, oedema and fusion of adjacent secondary lamellae were conspicuous in fishes of 20 days of exposure. No effects were however observed in control fishes. The authors believe that endosulfan is significantly toxic to the fish, so much so that it may lead to asphyxia and subsequent killing of the fish.
Toxicity of endosulfan to native and introduced fish in Australia
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1992
Semistatic bioassays of endosulfan with native and introduced Australian fish indicated that they are sensitive to this insecticide at low concentrations. The introduced European carp (Cyprinus carpio) was the most sensitive species, with a measured 96-h LC50 of 0.1 pg/L, whereas the native eastern rainbow fish (MelanoZaenia duboulayr] and silver perch (Bidyanus bidyunus) were the least sensitive, with measured 96-h LCSO values of 2.4 pg/L. The measured 96-h LCSO values of endosulfan for bony bream (Nematolosa erebi), golden perch (Macquaria ambigua), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were 0.2,0.5, and 1.6 pg/L, respectively. Toxicities of endosulfan in Sydney mains water and Mehi River water were similar when rainbow fish, golden perch, and silver perch were used as test animals. The initial measured concentration was about 42% of the nominal concentration, whereas final measured concentration after 24 h in semistatic tests declined to 5.6% of the nominal concentration. The toxicity of endosulfan was similar in Australian native and introduced fish and in overseas fish, but varied markedly with test method. The 96-h LCSO values for one species, the rainbow fish, varied from 0.5 pg/L when reported as measured concentrations in a flow-through test to 11.4 pg/L as nominal values in a static test. These differences span much of the variation found in 96-h LCSO values for all fish species described in the world literature.
Estimation of endosulfan toxicity on blood biochemistry of channel catfish Clarias batrachus Linn.
Endosulfan is an organochlorine acaricide used to kill pests of cotton, jute, vegetables and sugarcane. It is a chlorinated hydrocarbon of cyclodiene subgroup which is among the most toxic pesticides for aquatic life, especially fish, and therefore has been registered as a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. It is more toxic to the fish model of the present study, as the fish is a mud dweller and remains in contact to the soil for longer time. Endosulfan is moderately persistent in the soil environment with a reported average field half-life of 50 days. Blood parameters are valuable indicators for monitoring pollution load, stress and diseases caused by toxicants and are known to fluctuate with eco-physiological factors, which often are subjected to rapid changes due to various types of pollution. In the present study, toxic impact of Endosulfan on various blood parameters of Clarias batrachus Linn. was estimated. The levels of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein were found to be raised, while the plasma cortisol level was found to be lowered in response to toxicant exposure.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2011
Median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) and sublethal effects of the commercial endosulfan formulation Zebra Ciagro Ò on the fish Cichlasoma dimerus were studied. The 96-h LC 50 was estimated as 17.7 lg/L. In order to investigate sublethal effects, fish were exposed to 25% and 50% LC 1 (3.4 and 6.8 lg/L, respectively). Endosulfan (ED) significantly increased the hemoglobin concentration and white blood cell count after 96 h. Differential leukocytes count was also altered, due to an increase in the percentage of neutrophils in exposed fish. The hepatopancreatic tissue of fish under ED treatment showed a decrease in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and an increase in alkaline phosphatase. Lipid peroxidation levels in the 6.8-lg/L ED-containing group were higher than those in control fish for all organs tested (gills, hepatopancreas, and brain).