Impact of abiotic factors on development of the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil: a Review (original) (raw)
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi living in the soil closely collaborate with plants in their root zone and play very important role in their evolution. Their symbiosis stimulates plant growth and resistance to different environmental stresses. Plant root system, extended by mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, has better capability to reach the water and dissolved nutrients from a much larger volume of soil. This could solve the problem of imminent depletion of phosphate stock, affect plant fertilisation, and contribute to sustainable production of foods, feeds, biofuel, and raw materials. Expanded plant root systems reduce erosion of soil, improve soil quality, and extend the diversity of soil microflora. On the other hand, symbiosis with plants affects species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and increased plant diversity supports diversity of fungi. This review summarizes the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to beneficial potential of their symbios...
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The Role of Mycorrhizal Relationship in Sustainable Manner Towards Plant Growth and Soil Fertility
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Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations, formed between plants and soil fungi that play an essential role in plant growth, plant protection and soil fertility. The AM (Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) fungi expand their filaments in soil and plant roots. These filamentous networks promote bi-directional nutrient movement where soil nutrients and water move to the plant and plant photosynthesis flow to the fungal network. AM fungi are ubiquitous in the soil and can form symbiosis with most terrestrial plants including major crops, cereals, vegetables and horticultural plants. Soil microbial populations are immersed in a framework of interactions known to affect the soil quality. AM fungi induced changes in plant physiology; affect the microbial populations both qualitatively and quantitatively, in rhizosphere or mycorhizosphere. Therefore, the rhizosphere of a mycorrhizal plant has different features than those of a non-mycorrhizal plant. AMF involved in fundamental activities that enhanced th...
Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2011
The soil environment is interesting and complicated. There are so many interactions taking place in the soil, which determine the properties of soil as a medium for the growth and activities of plants and soil microorganisms. The soil fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), are in mutual and beneficial symbiosis with most of the terrestrial plants. AM fungi are continuously interactive with a wide range of soil microorganisms including nonbacterial soil microorganisms, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhiza helper bacteria and deleterious bacteria. Their interactions can have important implications in agriculture. There are some interesting interactions between the AM fungi and soil bacteria including the binding of soil bacteria to the fungal spore, the injection of molecules by bacteria into the fungal spore, the production of volatiles by bacteria and the degradation of fungal cellular wall. Such mechanisms can affect the expression of genes in AM fungi and hence their performance and ecosystem productivity. Hence, consideration of such interactive behavior is of significance. In this review, some of the most important findings regarding the interactions between AM fungi and soil bacteria with some new insights for future research are presented.
Diversity
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plants. These soil microorganisms enhance the plant’s nutrient uptake by extending the root absorbing area. In return, the symbiont receives plant carbohydrates for the completion of its life cycle. AMF also helps plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, extreme temperature, heavy metal, diseases, and pathogens. For abiotic stresses, the mechanisms of adaptation of AMF to these stresses are generally linked to increased hydromineral nutrition, ion selectivity, gene regulation, production of osmolytes, and the synthesis of phytohormones and antioxidants. Regarding the biotic stresses, AMF are involved in pathogen resistance including competition for colonization sites and improvement of the plant’s defense system. Furthermore, AMF have a positive impact on ecosystems. They improve the quality of soil aggregation, drive the structure of plant and bacteria communi...
Environmental …, 2006
This study investigated the interactions between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus aggregatum and Glomus mosseae) and a P-solubilizing fungus (Mortierella sp.), with respect to their effects on growth of Kostelelzkya virginica and urease, invertase, neutral phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase activities of rhizosphere and bulk soils at different salinity levels (i.e., 0, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl). Percentage of AMF colonization, Mortierella sp. populations, pH, electrical conductivity, and available P concentration in soil were also determined. Combined inoculation of AMF and Mortierella sp. increased the percentage of AMF colonization and Mortierella sp. populations under salt stress (i.e., 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl). The dual inoculation of Mortierella sp. with AMF (G. aggregatum or G. mosseae) had significant effects on shoot and root dry weights and available P concentrations, pH values, and electrical conductivities of rhizosphere and bulk soils under salt stress. The inoculation of Mortierella sp. significantly enhanced the positive effects of AMF on some enzyme activities (i.e., neutral phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase in bulk soil; neutral phosphatase and urease in rhizosphere soil); on the contrary, it produced negative effects on urease activities in bulk soil and invertase activities in bulk and rhizosphere soils. The results indicated that the most effective co-inoculation was the dual inoculation with Mortierella sp. and G. mosseae, which may help in alleviating the deleterious effects of salt on plants growth and soil enzyme activities.
Effect of soil tillage on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and on their role in nutrient uptake by crops
2002
Zusammenfassung Résumé 1. General introduction 2. Literature review 3. Objective, hypotheses and approaches 4. Effect of soil tillage on plant growth, nutrient acquisition and root colonisation by AMF 5. Effect of soil tillage on the community of AMF within maize roots 6. Effects of AMF from differently tilled soils on plant growth and nutrient acquisition in pots with a single compartment 7. Strategies of soil exploration by AMF from genus Glomus 8. Uptake and transport of P and Zn by Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith growing in symbiosis with maize 9. General discussion and conclusions 10. Future perspectives 11. References 2.1.2. AMF diversity About 130-160 species of AMF have been described based on the morphology of their spores so far (Walker and Trappe 1993, Giovannetti and Gianinazzi-Pearson 1994, Morton and Bentivenga 1994). The other AMF structures (mycelium, arbuscules, and vesicles) are morphologically very conserved and provide very limited number of characters useful for taxonomy (Morton and Bentivenga 1994). Some AMF species might preferentially establish symbiotic relationships with certain plant species (such as Acaulospora sp. preferentially establishing symbiosis with Allium sp. or Glomus sp. with Plantago sp.) (Bever et al. 1996). No clear evidence for absolute (species to species) specificity has been yet recognised (Vanderplank 1978, Smith and Read 1997). However, the processes controlling the recognition between the plant and the AMF partner in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and the factors involved in this interaction are still poorly known (
Plants
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with the roots of nearly all land-dwelling plants, increasing growth and productivity, especially during abiotic stress. AMF improves plant development by improving nutrient acquisition, such as phosphorus, water, and mineral uptake. AMF improves plant tolerance and resilience to abiotic stressors such as drought, salt, and heavy metal toxicity. These benefits come from the arbuscular mycorrhizal interface, which lets fungal and plant partners exchange nutrients, signalling molecules, and protective chemical compounds. Plants’ antioxidant defence systems, osmotic adjustment, and hormone regulation are also affected by AMF infestation. These responses promote plant performance, photosynthetic efficiency, and biomass production in abiotic stress conditions. As a result of its positive effects on soil structure, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration, AMF contributes to the maintenance of resilient ecosystems. The effe...