The significance of some flour quality parameters as quality predictors of bread (original) (raw)
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Genetika, 2018
Gluten index is an indicator of gluten strength as well as a parameter which simultaneously defines its quantity and quality. If compared to the farinographic and extensographic methods, gluten index determining is faster, less complicated and requires smaller amount of flour. The aim of this study has been to determine the significance of the influence of genotype and environmental factors on the value of gluten index and usability of these parameters as indicators and predictors of bread quality. Five local varieties of winter wheat (Simonida, NS 40S, Rapsodija, Pobeda, Zvezdana) were grown in a macro-experiment carried out in three locations (Novi Sad, Cacak, Sombor) during two seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013). Gluten index value determination was achieved by using ICC standard method 155 (1996), with a slight modification that included mechanical washing of gluten (Theby). Statistical analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Variance analysis revealed a statistic...
Correlations Between Quality of Flour T-500 Characteristics and Bread Volume
The quality of flour and its quality characteristics (quantity of gluten, quality of gluten, physical and chemical properties of gluten, the ability to release a gas etc.) influence the quality of flour and that of bread. If we take into consideration whether one type of flour is of quality or not, a correct answer will be given only when its rheological characteristics are well known. The aim of the present study is to determine how quality characteristics of wheat flour T-500 can influence bread volume, showing that the quality characteristics of eight different types of wheat flour T-500 are established according to the analysis result of the rheological characteristics of the kneaded dough. Thus, according to the obtained results, the dependence between the examined parameters of flour (the content of moisture, the content of ash, acid level, amylographic number, moisture gluten, extensibility, extensibility resistance, the relation Re/E, energy of dough) and bread volume, is de...
Quality parameters and baking performance of commercial gluten flours
LWT - Food Science and Technology, 2004
Commercial gluten which is labeled in different ways, i.e., gluten, gluten flour, glutinated flour, is sold without any specifications. Breadmaking potential of commercial gluten was assessed by adding them in different concentration levels (6 and 50 g/100 g) to wheat flour. This evaluation was done by physicochemical analyses and subjective characterization. Protein content of commercial glutens ranged from 15.2 g/100 g to 75.2 g/100 g. Diastatic activity of glutinated flours was around 30% lower than the values of wheat flour, while this activity in gluten flours was 24-79% lower than wheat flour values. Direct correlation was observed between protein content of blends and loaf volumes: breads volume value increased with the percentage of protein in blends (r s =1). Furthermore as the percentage of protein in flour blends increased (up to 17.5 g/100 g) scores for smell, crumb color, crumb grain, crumb texture and eatability improved. Breads obtained by incorporating 6 g/100 g of gluten flour or 50 g/100 g of glutinated flour to a wheat flour had the best scores. Breads containing the highest protein content (50 g/100 g gluten flour) were refused by taste panelists, however, after being sliced and toasted they were rated acceptable.
Physical–chemical analysis of different types of flours available in the Romanian market
Scientific Reports, 2024
The physical-chemical characteristics of different types of flours are essential for understanding their composition, nutritional value, and functional properties as well. The aim of this research was to identify the variability of the different wheat flours available in Romania. In this study 39 different wheat flours were selected and the following parameters were analyzed in the laboratory: moisture content, ash content, gluten content (wet and dry) and wet gluten spreading. The tested flours were classified into four different classes according to their ash content: 480 (ash content 0.48%) (N = 11), 550 (0.55%) (N = 9), 650 (0.65%) (N = 8), 1100 (1.1%) (N = 11). Mathematical and statistical methods were used to analyze the obtained results: descriptive statistics, box-plot, Spearman correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results revealed that moisture content varied between 9.5 and 11.8%. In terms of ash content, the lowest and highest measured values were 0.427-2.04 g/100 g. The average wet gluten content of the studied flours varied between 30 and 32%, while the average dry gluten content was 12.8%. The findings indicate that the moisture content of all examined flour samples was within permissible levels for extended storage, aligning with established standards. Gluten is a key and essential parameter for bread making because influences the dough mixing and baking properties. The mineral content, represented by ash content, is influenced by cereal type and milling process, with wheat's ash content ranging between 1.5 and 2%. Flours with high wet gluten content (> 34%) can be used to improve the properties of lower quality flours. Further studies are necessary in order to determine the possible health effects of different cereal varieties.
2013
The aim of the present work was to compare the quality and nutritional value of breads with 50% addition of oat flours of different origin (commercial and residual – a by-product obtained during production of β-glucan preparation) to standard wheat bread. Commercial wheat and oat flours and residual oat flour, as well as wheat and 50/50% wheat/oat breads were used as material in this research. Quality of breads was evaluated by their volume, baking yield and total baking loss. Bread crumb texture profile was analyzed by texture analyzer TA.XT Plus. Organoleptic assesment was performed by 15 skilled pearson‘s panel. Moreover both in flours and breads protein, lipids, mineral compounds, dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble fraction) and β-glucans content were analyzed by AOAC methods.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1996
The mixing characteristics and bread-making qualities of flours, reconstituted flours and glutens from a diverse range of wheat cultivars obtained from Canada, France and the UK, were investigated. Simple correlations were calculated among Mixograph parameters, loaf volume, Glu-l quality scores, protein content, SDS-sedimentation volume and baking absorption. The results indicate that the mixing properties of flours from cultivars in the medium-strong range are significantly influenced by their protein contents. On the other hand, the mixing properties of 'extra strong' or weak flours are relatively less affected by their protein contents, and it appears that the protein quality primarily controls their behaviour during mixing. Gluten samples, other than weak glutens from cvs Riband and Corin, required a longer time to mix to peak dough resistance (PDR) than their corresponding flour or reconstituted flour samples. However, the differences in mixing time were more pronounced between 'extra strong' glutens and their corresponding flours or reconstituted flours. The Mixograph parameter PDR showed highly significant (P < 0.001) correlations with loaf volume for flour, reconstituted flour and gluten samples. In each case, variation in PDR explained more than 65% of the variation in loaf volume, reaching about 83% for glutens. PDR was also significantly correlated with Glu-I quality scores. However, the mixing times for flours, reconstituted flours and glutens demonstrated no simple correlations with loaf volume. On the basis of the results, it appears that the 2 g Mixograph PDR value for flour or gluten may be used to assess flour or gluten bread-making quality. It may be used as a viable alternative to the baking test for the evaluation of the baking potential of flour or gluten, as well as an alternative to currently used 'gel protein'-based procedures for differentiating between 'strong' and 'extra strong' wheats.
Revista de Chimie
The purpose of the paper and related research is to identify a quality parameter most closely correlated with the wheat baking potential and to be an efficient criterion for qualitative selection and homogenization of the cereal lots. In this respect, 772 samples of wheat from the 2005-2016harvests were analyzed in terms of physical and chemical quality parameters, namely: Hectolitre mass (HM, Kg/hl), Moisture (M, %), Protein content(PC, %), Wet Gluten (WG, %), FallingNumber (FN, s), Gluten Deformation Index (GDI, mm) and Gluten Index (GI), the latter two being given special attention. Following the milling of the wheat on pilot mill, alveographic parameters were determined on 419 samples,namely: Resistance (P, mm), Extensibility (L, mm), alveographic Mechanical work (W, 10E-4 J/g) and P/L ratio. Also, for 35 samples, baking tests were performed in order to evaluate the bread volume (ml/100 g). The results showed that the Gluten Index parameter alone is not a predictive criterion fo...
European Food Research and Technology, 2012
Bread is a major staple food consumed daily in all parts of the world. A significant part of the human population cannot tolerate gluten, a storage protein found in wheat, rye and barley, and therefore, products made from alternative cereals are required. During this study, the bread-making potential of seven gluten-free flours, wheat and wholemeal wheat flour was compared. Fermentation potential of the different flours was determined, showing that dough development height of gluten-free and wholemeal wheat samples was lower than for wheat and oat flour. Apart from standard bread quality parameters such as loafspecific volume and physical crumb texture, also water activity and shelf life have been determined. The shelf life of gluten-free breads was reduced compared to wheat bread. Aroma profiles were evaluated by a trained panel. Wheat, oat and wholemeal wheat breads were liked moderately, while the remaining samples had lower liking scores. Crumb grain characteristics were investigated using image analysis, and microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Overall, only breads produced from oat flour were of similar quality to wheat bread, and the utilization of buckwheat, rice, maize, quinoa, sorghum and teff flours resulted in breads of inferior quality.