Evaluation of Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Plant Extracts from Family Anacardiaceae Against Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) (original) (raw)

Abstract

Thesis submitted to the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

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References (21)

  1. 5 Control of Aedes Mosquito ..........................................................................................
  2. 5.1 Source Reduction & Environmental Management ..........................................
  3. 5.2 Physical barriers and personal protection ........................................................
  4. 5.3 Chemical Control .............................................................................................
  5. 5.4 Biological Control............................................................................................
  6. 5.4.1 Plant Extracts ...............................................................................................
  7. Anacardium occidentale ......................................................................................
  8. Mangifera indica ...............................................................................................
  9. Gluta renghas ....................................................................................................
  10. Melanochyla fasciculiflora ................................................................................
  11. 6 Extraction Methods of plant materials .......................................................................
  12. Soxhlet Extraction .........................................................................................
  13. 7 Separation and Detection Techniques of plant compounds .......................................
  14. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) ....................................
  15. 8 Biological Activities of Plant Extracts on Aedes Mosquito ....................................... 2.8.1 Plant Extracts as Larvicides Against Mosquitoes ..........................................
  16. 8.2 Biological Parameters of Mosquito Affected by Plant Extracts ....................
  17. 8.2.1 Larval Developmental Time Prolongation .................................................
  18. 8.2.2 Effects of Plant Extracts on Mosquitoes Adult Emergence ....................... lambda cyhalothrin also revealed the dose dependent effects on the Ae. aegypti larval survival and adult emergence that was reduced by 10 folds (Shaalan et al., 2005b). Supavarn et al. (1974) reported 11 of 36 phytochemicals to inhibit the pupal development of Ae. aegypti, whereas only few of them were able to affect the larval development. Adult inhibition is severally reported by the researchers for different plant extracts against mosquito vector species. For instance, Cx. quinquefasciatus adults were inhibited from emergence by Descurainia Sophia (Mohsen et al., 1990) and reduced adult emergence was observed in An. stephensi by Tagetes erectes (Sharma & Saxena, 1994). Extracts of Calophyllum inophyllum, Samadera indica, Rhinocanthus nasutus and Solanum suratense are reported to reduce the adult emergence by 50% in surviving treated larvae of An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti (Muthukrishnan & Pushpalatha, 2001).
  19. 8.2.3 Effects of Plant Extracts on Mosquito Sex Ratio Studies of Shaalan et al. (2005b), investigating the sublethal effects of some synthetic and botanical insecticides for determination of the sex ratio of Ae. aegypti highlighted the trend of favoring females, however in earlier studies the case was not the same as Robert and Olson (1989) found the Cx. quinquefasciatus males in higher ratio as compared to females after the exposure to resmethrin and propoxur. On the other hand, Howard et al. (2009) noticed no significant differences in sex ratios for the neem treated and control mosquitoes of An. gambiae. Similarly, various extracts of Burma rosewood, Dalbergia oliveri treatment didn't detected any significant change in sex ratio when compared to the control, in the emerged adults of Ae. aegypti (Pluempanupat et al., 2013).
  20. 8.2.4 Effects of Plant Extracts on Mosquito Fecundity Effects of phytochemicals seem to continue from treated larvae through to emerging adults and then the laid eggs with the effects of decreasing viability (Shaalan et al., 2005a). Phytochemicals can affect the biosynthesis of sex pheromones and fecundity of insects, causing a negative impact on the egg production (Hilker & Meiners, 2011). Neem plants are severally reported for their activities against number of insect pests. Likewise, bioactive compounds in the extracts of neem kernel are reported for their inducing male sterility, decreasing fecundity and oviposition repellency in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. tarsalis (Su & Mulla, 1998). Tennakoon et al. (1994) specified a plant alkaloid, resperine, for the decrease in the Cx. quinquefasciatus fecundity.
  21. Whereas, Saxena et al. (1979) identified Aristolochic acid, obtained from Aristolochia bracteata, for inducing infertility in Ae. aegypti. Extracts of Calophyllum inophyllum, Rhinocanthus nasutus, Samadera indica and Solanum suratense were found for causing the sterility in Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Muthukrishnan & Pushpalatha, 2001). Procyanidin, a type of tannin, found in the groundnuts are able to decrease the fecundity and growth rate of the aphids, Aphis craccivora (Grayer et al., 1992) whereas, reduced fecundity was noticed in cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, when exposed to Glucosinolates from Brassica species (Hopkins et al., 1998). The diethyl ether extract of Parthenium