A Review of Studies on Bacterial and Fungal Diversity in Wetland Ecosystems (original) (raw)
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STUDY OF FUNGAL DIVERSITY OF SOME SELECTED NATURAL SPOT OF EAST KOLKATA WETLAND
Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth. Microbes are one of the dominant life forms in the earth. Their contribution to the earth and human being is beyond the imagination. Their science is concerned with their form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism and classification. It also includes their distribution in nature, their relationship with each other and other living organisms, their effects on human beings, other animals and plants. Biological diversity (biodiversity) encompasses the variety of life forms occurring in nature, from the ecosystem to the genetic level, as a result of evolutionary history (Wilson 1992). Microbial Diversity is an integral part of biodiversity which includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and protests. Fungi constitute a major portion of natural resources likely to provide innovative applications useful to man. Fungi are one of the major sources of antimicrobial agents and produce a wide range of other important medicinal compounds, industrially important biomolecules, novel enzymes, insecticides the microbial level is beginning to be recognized, but this richness of diversity amongst bacterial, fungal and virus species has yet to be catalogued particularly in West Bengal. The East Kolkata Wetland (EKW) is situated at 880 20’ E - 880 35’ E and200 25’ N -200 35’ N. Climate here is more or less sub-tropical with the annual mean rainfall around 200 cm. The maximum temperature during summer rises around 390 C. while minimum temperature during winter is around 100 C. The average temperature during most part of the year is around 300 C during day time with a fall in temperature of 50-60C at night. East Kolkata Wetland shows an immense diversity of flora and fauna both at the macro and micro level. Microbial richness of a region is its unseen asset that needs to be explored and conserved. Soil samples collected from East Calcutta Wetland shows the presence of various new strains of microbes which are not only ecologically important but also have commercial value. Isolation, characterization, documentation and conservation of these resources are important considering their strategic importance for future generation as well as complimentary economic growth and prosperity. In this present work several fungi were isolated and purified from diverse area of East Calcutta Wetland out of which about 10 organisms was identified by microscopic studies. Among the isolates it is expected that one or two new genus may obtained.
2014
Biological diversity-or biodiversity-is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth. Microbes are one of the dominant life forms in the earth. Their contribution to the earth and human being is beyond the imagination. Their science is concerned with their form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism and classification. It also includes their distribution in nature, their relationship with each other and other living organisms, their effects on human beings, other animals and plants. Biological diversity (biodiversity) encompasses the variety of life forms occurring in nature, from the ecosystem to the genetic level, as a result of evolutionary history (Wilson 1992). Microbial Diversity is an integral part of biodiversity which includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and protests. Fungi constitute a major portion of natural resources likely to provide innovative applications useful to man. Fungi are one of the major sources of antimicrobial agents and p...
Study of Diversity in East Kolkata Wetland Including Gosaba Island with Special Reference to Fungi
Biodiversity refers to the variety of all forms of life on earth, including the different plants, animals, microorganisms , the genes they contain and the ecosystem they form. The present work deal with diversities of fungi of natural spot of East Kolkata Wetland , West Bengal , India. Research will be done on different arena of fungi with respect to their form , structure, reproduction, physiology, and classification and their relationship with each other as well as with other living organisms. Microbial Diversity is an crucial a part of biodiversity which includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and protests. Fungi represent a major part of natural assets possibly to offer progressive application useful to mankind over the earth. Fungi have both positive ad negative roles in our daily life. So they are our friends as well as foes. They are major source of antimicrobial agents and produce a lot of vital medicinal compounds , Several alcoholic beverages , organic products like citric acid, fumaric, lactic and oxalic acid , Some fungi are used in production of enzymes like amylase, pectimase etc so that researcher decided to study on diversity of fungi. Still there are some arena where diversity of fungi has yet to be explore. Among such locality there is one locality named as East Kolkata Wetlands , West Bengal , India The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) is situated at 880 20' E-880 35' E and200 25' N-200 35' N. Climate here is more or less subtropical with the annual mean rainfall around 200 cm. The maximum temperature during summer rises around 42 0 C. while minimum temperature during winter is around 10 0 C. The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) comprises a large number of water bodies located in the districts of 24 Parganas North & South, West Bengal. It is adjacent to the eastern part of Kolkata and borders on the Salt Lake Township on the one hand and the upcoming new township at Rajarhat on the other. The multifunctional wetland ecosystem consists of an area of 12,500 hectares. It comprises 254 sewage fed fisheries, small agricultural plots and solid waste farms. Besides, there are some built up areas also. The EKW nurtures the world's largest wastewater fed aquaculture system. East Kolkata Wetland shows an huge diversity of flora and fauna both at the macro and micro level. Microbial diversity of this region is still a hidden asset that needs to be explored and conserved. Soil samples collected from selected spot of East Calcutta Wetlands shows the presence of various new strains of microbes .Isolation, characterization and conservation of these resources are important considering their strategic importance for future generation. In present work several fungi were isolated and purified from diverse area of East Calcutta Wetland out of which about seven organisms was identified by microscopic studies. Among the isolates it is expected that one to two new genus may obtained.
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2014
Relative effect of some physico-chemical parameters of water on the occurrence of water borne fungi was studied in a high altitudinal wetland. The number of conidial fungal species was enumerated in water samples collected monthly during the period of March 2008-February 2009. There was marked seasonal fluctuation in the occurrence number of individuals in each species. The maximum number of individuals was found during summer to early autumn, while there was a decline in the number of individuals during late autumn and early winter seasons. Principal component analysis showed a high inverse relationship between number of fungal species and pH and dissolved oxygen, while abundance was positively related to temperature, nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus clustered together. Finally, it seems from the results that fungal communities are more influenced by the seasonal variation. More studies should be carried out to elucidate the effects of water variables on the community structure of fungi in other water systems in Kashmir Himalayas.
Ecological Niche of Some Wetland Microbes
This study was focused on identifying and characterizing the ecological microbial communities in soil samples from Akoko communities in Akoko South West Local Government area, and Akure, the State capital, Ondo State, Nigeria. Parameters such as soil temperature, pH, and some biochemical characteristics of the microbial communities were determined. The total viable bacterial counts estimated for this purpose ranged from 58 x 107 cfu gm-1 in Borehole soil sources to 98 x 107 gm-1 in Stream sediment source. Similarly, some physiologic studies show that the temperature of the soil samples ranged from 28.0°C to 30.1°C, while the pH for borehole sample is pH6.09, stream, pH5.82 and river, pH6.25. The bacterial population of fish pond sources range from 20 x 107 cfu gm-1 to 55 x 107 cfu gm-1. Twenty three bacterial isolates were obtained from Akoko communities and this includes Bacillus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Eubacterium spp. Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp. Acidobacteria spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Flavobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. In addition to this were six (6) bacterial and two (2) fungal isolates obtained from pond soil sources in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. This is constituted of Salmonella spp. Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus feacalis and Lactobacillus spp. While the fungal isolates include Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The study will add to our knowledge of the microbial communities from different ecological sites in Nigeria and can be helpful in environmental management and site improvements after disturbances due to human interference and industrial developments.
Comparison of microbial activities of wetlands areas to some soil characteristics
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2018
The Eastern Mediterranean Region is described as the richest region in terms of wetlands and in this study aimed to examined the microbiological characteristics of the wetland lands of Amik, Gavur and Golbasi Lakes in Eastern Mediterranean Region. The relationships between total microorganism counts and some soil characteristics of 3 different wetland lands in the Eastern Mediterranean region have been determined. As a result of the biological analyzes carried out on three different wetland soils; the highest number of total actinomycetes were found from microorganisms in the field soils, this is followed by the moment of total algae, total bacteria and the total fungi. It was first observed that microbial activity in the soil of Amik Lake, where the most degradation was caused by drying, decreased. In the same area, the total amount of fungi, bacteria, algae and actinomycetes was found to be the lowest in this study. It has been found that the total amount of fungi, bacteria and ac...
The microbial diversity of laboratory-scale wetlands appears to be randomly assembled
Water Research, 2008
This study investigated the formation of the microbial communities in two horizontal subsurface-flow laboratory-scale constructed wetlands, one planted and the other one unplanted. The abundance of the predominant functional groups (Archaea, Bacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria) was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization and the diversity and community structure of those functional groups were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The numbers of Archaea, Bacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria were indistinguishable in both reactors (P=0.99, 0.80 and 0.55, respectively). The microbial communities in both wetlands were typically no more similar than if they had been randomly assembled from a common source community. Plants did not appear to exert a strong effect on the structure of the microbial communities in the horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (HSCWs) studied in this investigation.
Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2009
We studied redoximorphic features, field indicators and bacterial communities of soils in hummocks and hollows of a palustrine forested wetland in Virginia. We hypothesized that presence of hydric soils, soil physicochemistry and soil bacterial community structure would differ between hummocks and hollows. We fingerprinted soils collected from different microtopographic locations using Length Heterogeneity Polymerase Chain Reaction (LH-PCR) to study their bacterial community structures. Two hummocks had silty/sandy loam soils with mean chroma values of [ 4, showing no indication of 'hydric soils' (i.e., wetland soils). Two hollows, however, had clay loam soils with mean chroma values of 2 with gleying and redox concentrations observed, indicative of seasonally inundated wetlands. The soils of hollows also had higher organic matter content and soil moisture compared to the soils of hummocks (P \ 0.05). Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) of the fingerprints revealed differences in soil microbial community structures between hummocks and hollows (Global R = 0.30, P \ 0.01). The diversity measures of the fingerprints (Shannon's H 0 ) were also different by microtopography with higher diversity in hollows relative to hummocks (P \ 0.05). LH-PCR proves to be a useful tool in examining bacterial community composition of wetland soils in this study. However, cloning and sequencing of specific community LH-PCR profiles of interest is necessary to fully characterize the community down to genus/species level. With species identities we should be able to not only better explain differences observed in the community profiles, but study their relations to hydrologic and/or physicochemical conditions of wetlands.
Factors influencing microbial community, structure, diversity and function in treatment wetlands
The use of treatment wetlands (TWs) in the treatment of domestic, municipal and industrial wastewater has been well-documented in past years. Although there are a number of different mechanisms at play in the removal of pollutants in these wetlands, it has been shown that one of the most significant means of wastewater polishing is due to the contribution of microbial communities (Cui et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2012). Microorganisms that occur naturally in wetland environments have the ability to degrade organic compounds and metabolize contaminants, effectively contributing to the transformation and removal of key wastewater parameters such as nitrogen, ammonia, biochemical/chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD), phosphorus and heavy metals (Faulwetter et al., 2009; Saeed & Sun, 2013). As well, the ability of microorganisms to aggregate together and form unique biofilms creates an even more potent method of wastewater treatment, contributing to pollutant removal by the indirect impact on hydrological parameters and interactions with the rhizosphere (Gagnon & Weber, 2014). Although the specific metabolic processes contributing to wastewater treatment are relatively well understood, the characterization and community structure of microorganisms in TWs are not, and there has been little research conducted on the engineering of wetlands aimed at enhancing microbial activity or specific bacterial processes. In recent years, however, techniques for assessing the function, enumeration, diversity and distribution of microorganisms in treatment wetlands have become increasingly sophisticated, leading to the emergence of more and more studies attempting to identify and control the specific factors influencing microorganisms (Gagnon & Weber, 2014). This paper begins with a summary of the main microbial functions and processes leading to contaminant reduction. It then moves on to outline some of the wetland characteristics that have proven to influence these processes as well as the density, activity and/or structural community of microorganisms. In addition, suggestions will be made throughout this paper about the ability to attenuate microbial treatment by making alterations to these variable wetland characteristics.
The influence of water quality on wetland-associated microbial communities
2018
Within a wetland environment, bacteria in association with plant roots play a vital role in maintaining the health of freshwater ecosystems. In order to gain insight into the stability and processes occurring within natural and constructed wetland environments we need to develop a better understanding of the relationship between wetland plants, root-associated microbial communities and environmental factors. Human population growth and urbanization have resulted in greater contaminant loads (inorganic nutrients, fecal contamination etc.) entering our waterways. As such, we need a better understanding of how anthropogenic impacts influence the structure and function of the wetland-associated microbial communities that we rely on to maintain the integrity of our freshwater ecosystems. To meet this need we designed a series of experiments to investigate the hypothesis that wetland-associated microbial communities highly impacted by anthropogenic activities subjected to poor water quality inputs (high inorganic nutrient load) would differ from less impacted communities in terms of community structure, function, remedial capabilities and resilience. Furthermore, we hypothesized that plant species would play a role in how the associated microbial community would respond to these differences in water quality. To investigate these hypotheses we used a multi-faceted approach involving both in situ field-based studies (Grand River, ON) and ex situ lab-scale wetland mesocosm studies. We examined microbial communities in association with several different plant species (Phalaris arundinacea, Iris versicolor, Potamogeton natans and Veronica spicata) across field sampling locations (Grand River, ON). Lab-scale mesocosm studies involved sub-surface flow wetland mesocosms planted with either P. arundinacea or V. anagallis-aquatica receiving water from sites with contrasting water quality charactersitics. To ascertain the ability of the microbial communities associated with these mesocosm treatments to resist environmental perturbations, mesocosms were exposed to 5mg/L of inorganic phosphorus to simulate runoff from a rain event. We used PCR in combination with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to examine the structure of microbial communities in association with wetland plant roots and water-associated communities. Functional community characteristics were examined by obtaining community-level carbon source utilization patterns with Biolog TM EcoPlates. We examined the influence of water quality and plant species on fecal contamination associated microbial pathogens by enumerating fecal coliforms as well as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. specifically, from water and root-associated microbial communities using the membrane fecal coliform method and quantitative real-time PCR. The remediation potential of ex situ mesocosm-based microbial communities experiencing different water quality treatments in association with our study plant species were determined by quantifying inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations from mesocosm outflow water. From our field-based studies we found that the structure and function of microbial communities in association with wetland plant roots was affected by sampling location, however this effect was dependent on the plant species in question as well as the root-associated community type (rhizoplane or rhizosphere). Furthermore, plant species differed in their retention of microbial DNA from fecal contamination associated microorganisms. Our ex situ mesocosm-based wetland studies yielded comparable results. We found that the root-associated microbial communities from P. arundinacea and V. anagallis-aquatica were altered structurally and functionally by the different water quality treatments. However, functional characteristics of P. arundinacea-associated communities were affected by water quality treatment to a greater extent than those communities