Questioning the Cosmological Doppler Red-shift (original) (raw)
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An Alternative Explanation for Cosmological Redshift
This model describes an alternate explanation for cosmological redshift and the supposed relationship between radial velocity and distance. The wavelength shifts observed are postulated to occur not from a Doppler effect, but rather from an overall, variable index of refraction for an infinite steady-state universe. The time delay from interactions with particles in the IGM account for the ”tired light” aspect of this model, as well as the redshift. The variability of the IGM’s particle density accounts for variability of the refractive index and, consequently, the increase of redshift value with respect to distance.
Red shift: A measure of the recessional speed of a galaxy
The observations are very essential: any good theory of cosmology should not only to be based on the latest observations, but also should conform to any new set of observational acts that may be known in future. It is precisely on this line that the attempts have so far been made to build cosmological theories, but only with marginal success. Various models of cosmology have been built by the authors under various assumptions. But none of these models can be singled out as an ideal one. Each appears to be vulnerable to drawbacks when tested with observational results. Not only that, observations themselves have not yet come to the level on the basis of which a final conclusion can be drawn this is particularly true in the case of object at very great distances. Evidently, it sis these objects that can provide basis for discrimination between the merits of the different models. But since these distant objects are very faint, not only, that uncertainties creep in the results, but also...
When Can An ``Expanding Universe'' Look Static And Vice-Versa: A Comprehensive Study
International Journal of Modern Physics D, 2015
Since the “expansion” of the FRW universe perceived in the comoving frame turns out to be a coordinate effect rather than a real effect in many cases, it may be of some interest to ponder whether cosmological red-shift might be of non kinematical origin. For instance recently it has been concluded that “the invariance of the speed of light only applies to plane waves”, and group velocity of photons having some transverse structure gets reduced (D. Giovannini et al., Science, doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3035; arXiv:1411.3987). So, during cosmic journey, the speed of photons from distant sources is likely slow down even without any “masking”. If such slowing down would imply reduction in photon momentum, one may expect non-kinematical cosmological red-shift. This is however not to tell that this must be the origin of cosmological red-shifts.
Some criteria for short listing the cosmological red-shift's explanations
Louis Marmet, in a paper titled: “On the Interpretation of Red-Shifts: A quantitative comparison of red-shift mechanisms-II” Dated 4th December 2014, [1] has briefly compiled around 59 candidate mechanisms, including the standard Big Bang Cosmology, attempting to explain the observation of the ‘cosmological red-shift’. This paper proposes some criteria for short-listing the most likely explanations; and adds some more explanations to the list. The need for considering alternative mechanisms arises because the Big Bang cosmology is based on the assumption of homogeneity and isotropy of space at 100 M pc scale, for the explanation of the ‘cosmological red-shift’, whereas linear Hubble law is observed even at 1 M pc distances, where distribution of matter and energy is clearly not homogeneous. And Big Bang Cosmology demands 95 % ‘dark-energy’ which is not yet found. Alternative explanations for ‘cosmological red-shift’ are rejected under a pre-text that they are not compatible with the observation of ‘time-dilation of super novae light-curves’; but a paper by Tank, titled “Wave-theoretical insight into the Relativistic Length-contraction and Time-dilation of Super novae Light-curves” [2] has shown that any mechanism which can cause ‘cosmological red-shift’ will also cause ‘time-dilation of super novae light-curves’, so every possible mechanism needs to be considered without any bias. The criteria for short-listing proposed here is: that the loss in energy of cosmologically red-shifting photon is proportional to the strength-ratio of gravitational and electric forces ( G me mp / e2), which suggests that the energy of inter-galactic photon seems to get branched-out into gravitational and electrostatic potential-energy parts, and gravitational potential-energy-part is getting subtracted from the energy of the photons.
Cosmic Speed beyond Light: Gravitational and Cosmic Redshift
2023
This research explores the intricate relationship between gravitational and cosmic redshift phenomena, unveiling a profound understanding of how light behaves as it traverses the cosmos. The study begins with an examination of gravitational redshift, a well-established concept occurring when photons move away from massive gravitational sources, such as stars within galaxies. Gravitational redshift, expressed as λ/λ0, manifests within the gravitational influence and extends to the boundary of the observed "zero-gravity sphere" enveloping galaxies. Within this remarkable zero-gravity sphere, gravitational effects persist, while the antigravity influence of dark energy remains negligible. As a result, gravitational redshift dominates, and cosmic redshift is notably absent within the sphere. Photons within this sphere maintain their constant speed 'c' and undergo gravitational redshift exclusively. However, as photons exit the zero-gravity sphere at a distance 'r' equivalent to the source star's radius, they encounter the onset of cosmic redshift, quantified as {(λobs - λemit)/ λemit}. Cosmic redshift blends with gravitational redshift, forming the effective redshift of the photon. Critically, the effective cosmic redshift surpasses gravitational redshift, illuminating a profound revelation: photons traverse a greater "light-traveled distance" than their proper distance from the source. In essence, cosmic redshift signifies that photons move across their intended distances at their intrinsic speed c, while the expanding universe introduces a relative distance expansion, influenced by antigravity. This research delves into the intricate dance between gravitational and cosmic redshift, shedding light on their remarkable implications for our comprehension of the expanding universe.
Redshift diminishes observability : Cosmic acceleration is illusion ∗
2014
Mainstream cosmology proclaims the cosmic expansion is accelerating, by mysterious “dark energy” accounting for 70% of the cosmos. This paper “decelerates” it to the critical expansion, by reinterpreting cosmological observation data, free of parameter fitting—via a relativistic law on how the fundamental particle’s blueor redshift diminishes the particle’s observation probability, namely, the observability of the event that emitted the particle. The event’s observability reflects the degree of resonance in length scale, between the event and the observer. The law roots in the event-size’s being the multiplicative product (measured in ) of conjugate uncertainties, as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle implies. Redshift and observability, though each varying with relativity, covary into the law, per the principle of relativity—also per the uncertainty principle herein generalized for relativity. Agreeing with the Barbour ‘timelessness,’ the law holds in particle physics, evaporat...
AN EXPLANATION OF REDSHIFT IN A STATIC UNIVERSE II
A review of the literature on the Lyman alpha forest gives direct evidence on the dynamics of the universe. In an expanding universe one would expect the average temperature of the universe to fall as it expands-but a review of the Doppler parameters of the Hydrogen clouds in Quasar spectra shows that contrary to this, they are increasing in temperature (or at least, becoming increasingly disturbed) as the universe ages. Additionally, the evidence is that Hydrogen clouds are, on average, evenly spaced up to a redshift of one-if not beyond. These results beg the question, how is it that the Hydrogen clouds can have differing redshifts and hence widely differing 'velocities' whilst, on average, remain equally spaced? Especially since this range of redshifts includes the supernovae data used to show 'acceleration' and so called 'time dilation.' Taking these results in isolation implies that the universe has been static for at least the last billion years or so and therefore a new model of redshift is needed to explain redshifts in a static universe. The model proposed here is that in a static universe, photons of light from distant galaxies are absorbed and reemitted by electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space and on each interaction the electron recoils. Energy is lost to the recoiling electron (New Tired Light theory) and thus the reemitted photon has less energy, a reduced frequency and therefore an increased wavelength. It has been redshifted. The Hubble relationship becomes 'photons of light from a galaxy twice as far away, make twice as many interactions with the electrons in the plasma of IG space, lose twice as much energy and undergo twice the redshift. A relationship between redshift and distance is found and, using published values of collision cross-sections and number density of electrons in IG space, a value for the Hubble constant is derived which is in good agreement with measured values. Assuming that the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is emitted as secondary radiation; the wavelength is calculated and found to be consistent with the wavelengths of the CMB. A further test is proposed whereby a high powered laser could be fired through sparse cold plasma and the theories predicted increase in emission of microwave radiation of a particular frequency determined.
An Explanation of Redshift in a Static Universe
viXra, 2010
A review of the literature on the Lyman alpha forest gives direct evidence on the dynamics of the universe. In an expanding universe one would expect the average temperature of the universe to fall as it expandsbut a review of the Doppler parameters of the Hydrogen clouds in Quasar spectra shows that contrary to this, they are increasing in temperature (or at least, becoming increasingly disturbed) as the universe ages. Additionally, in an expanding universe, hydrogen clouds must become further apart with time, so, as redshift increases, the clouds would be closer together. Instead, the evidence is that, on average, they are evenly spaced up to a redshift of one-if not beyond. How can this be so if the universe is expanding? Especially since this range of redshifts includes the supernovae data used to show 'acceleration' and so called 'time dilation.' Taking these results in isolation implies that the universe has been static for at least the last billion years or so and therefore a new model of redshift is needed to explain redshifts in a static universe. The model proposed here is that in a static universe, photons of light from distant galaxies are absorbed and reemitted by electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space and on each interaction the electron recoils. Energy is lost to the recoiling electron (New Tired Light theory) and thus the reemitted photon has less energy, a reduced frequency and therefore an increased wavelength. It has been redshifted. The Hubble relationship becomes 'photons of light from a galaxy twice as far away, make twice as many interactions with the electrons in the plasma of IG space, lose twice as much energy and undergo twice the redshift.' A relationship between redshift and distance is found and, using published values of collision cross-sections and number density of electrons in IG space, a value for the Hubble constant is derived which is in good agreement with measured values. Assuming that the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is emitted as secondary radiation; the wavelength is calculated and found to be consistent with the wavelengths of the CMB. On the basis that plasma clouds result in periodicity or 'quantised' galaxy redshifts it is shown that the average spacing between hydrogen clouds (z = 0.026) compares favourably with an average spacing between galaxy clusters (z = 0.023). A test of this theory in the laboratory is proposed whereby a high powered laser could be fired through sparse cold plasma and the theories predicted increase in emission of microwave radiation of a particular frequency determined.
Some cosmologists have noted the profound coincidence of the value of the anomalous acceleration (8.74 x 10-10 m/s 2) of Pioneer spacecraft with the value of the so-called cosmological acceleration, about which mainstream physics has been silent. The starting argument in this paper is that this may not be a coincidence and that both accelerations are manifestations of the same phenomenon.However, the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer is negative, whereas cosmological acceleration is positive, which would be a contradiction. Therefore, both accelerations must have not only the same magnitude, but also the same sign. This leads us to questionthe usual interpretation of distance-redshift curves of receding galaxies, which is based on the theory of expansion of the universe .In this paper, we will show that the universe is in decelerating 'expansion', not accelerating expansion. A decelerating force will increase the time taken for a galaxy to reach a given receding velocity, compared to the time taken according to Hubble's law.Using elementary kinematics we will show that increase in the time taken to reach a given receding velocity will increase the corresponding distance travelled.The longer the time the galaxy is in motion, the larger the distance it will travel. The effect of increase in time will always more than offset the effect of decrease in acceleration.Hubble's law is not due to expansion of the universe; it is due to a modified Newtonian law of gravity. The coincidence of the Pioneer anomalous acceleration with cosmological acceleration disproves general relativity.
We use standard general relativity to illustrate and clarify several common misconceptions about the expansion of the universe. To show the abundance of these misconceptions we cite numerous misleading, or easily misinterpreted, statements in the literature. In the context of the new standard ΛCDM cosmology we point out confusions regarding the particle horizon, the event horizon, the "observable universe" and the Hubble sphere (distance at which recession velocity = c). We show that we can observe galaxies that have, and always have had, recession velocities greater than the speed of light. We explain why this does not violate special relativity and we link these concepts to observational tests. Attempts to restrict recession velocities to less than the speed of light require a special relativistic interpretation of cosmological redshifts. We analyze apparent magnitudes of supernovae and observationally rule out the special relativistic Doppler interpretation of cosmological redshifts at a confidence level of 23σ.