Smart Transmission Grid Applications and Their Supporting Infrastructure (original) (raw)
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Application of Synchronized Phasor Measurements Units in Power Systems
The last decades, electric power industry is undergoing multiple changes due to the process of deregulation, providing efficient power generation, technological innovations, and eventually lower retail prices. In this environment, dynamic phenomena in power systems have made ever more urgent the development of reliable tools for their monitoring and control. An effective tool for the close monitoring of their operation conditions is the state estimator. The traditional estimators are based on real time measurements obtained through SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. These measurements are commonly provided by the remote terminal units (RTUs) installed at the high voltage substations. The phase angle of bus voltages can not be easily measured due to technical difficulties associated with the synchronization of measurements at RTUs. Global Positioning System (GPS) alleviated these difficulties and led to the development of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). This weakness was eliminated with the arrival of GPS, which led to the development of Phasor Measurement Units. A PMU unit, equipped with a GPS receiver, provides high accuracy voltage and current phasor measurements with respect to a common reference phase angle. In the first part of the paper, an overview of the PMU technology and a review about the optimal allocation of PMUs in power network are presented. The most important issues regarding design and operation of PMUs are discussed and an analysis of their commercial penetration in the electric energy markets is made. The second part of the paper presents a wide range of applications related with the choice of the strategic PMU placement as well as an algorithm for finding the optimal number of PMUs needed for full observability.
Development of a Wide Area Measurement System for Smart Grid Applications
Proceedings of the 18th IFAC World Congress, 2011
In this paper, the modeling for a complete scenario of a proposed wide area measurement system (WAMS) based on synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) technology with the access of a broadband communication capability is presented. The purpose is to increase the overall system efficiency and reliability for all power stages via significant dependence on WAMS as distributed intelligence agents with improved monitoring, protection, and control capabilities of power networks. The developed system is simulated using the Matlab/Simulink program. The power system layer consists of a 50 kW generation station, 20 kW wind turbine, three transformers, four circuit breakers, four buses, two short transmission lines, and two 30 kW loads. The communication layer consists of three PMUs, located at generation and load buses, and one phasor data concentrator (PDC), that will collect the data received from remote PMUs and send it to the control center for analysis and control actions. The proposed system is tested under two possible cases; normal operation and fault state. It was found that power system status can be easily monitored and controlled in real time by using the measured bus values online which improves the overall system reliability and avoids cascaded blackout during fault occurrence. The simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed WAMS technology for smart grid applications.
Experiences with and perspectives of the system for wide area monitoring of power systems
CIGRE/IEEE PES International Symposium, 2003
With the emphasis on higher utilization of power systems, monitoring of its dynamics is becoming increasingly important. This requires information with higher accuracy and update rates faster than those usually provided by traditional SCADA systems. In addition, it must be synchronized over a wider geographical area than that provided by traditional protection systems. The introduction of phasor measurement units as
Situational Awareness of Power Systems Using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
UNESCO 9th African Engineering Week organised by the Federation of African Engineering Organisations , 2023
Maintaining the stability and reliability of power grids is critical, and situational awareness (SA) is a key element in achieving such in power systems. Adopting Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in providing real-time monitoring and control of power systems is fundamental, sustainable, efficient, and commendable. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of PMU technology, its role in enhancing SA, and its impact on improving power system stability and efficiency. PMUs are sophisticated monitoring devices that offer high-speed and synchronized voltage and current phasors measurements: This enables power systems to be monitored and controlled in real-time. Our discussion covers the fundamental principles of PMU technology, its various applications, its implementation in power systems, and the challenges and limitations of its use. In addition, the paper explores current and future research on PMUs and highlights the benefits of their implementation, including enhanced reliability, improved security, better power quality, and increased efficiency. Through a detailed presentation of the capabilities and advantages of PMUs in power systems, we offer valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers in the power industry.
Communication infrastructure planning for wide area measurement systems in power systems
Int. J. Communication Networks and Distributed Systems, 2013
Smart grid denotes integration of all elements connected to a power grid with a communication infrastructure. In modern power systems, wide area measurement systems (WAMS) are such systems that use communication infrastructure to share their data and information. Recently, WAMS have been a new opportunity that contributes power system operators to receive and process the whole information of the system. State estimation is recognised as the basis of WAMS applications since it provides creditable data for other WAMS applications. In this study, we propose a new approach to design communication infrastructures of power systems. The designed communication infrastructure creates routing paths from installed phasor measurement units to the control centre in order to estimate system states. Simulation results confirm that, in a WAMS implementation, the price of secure, reliable and high-speed communication infrastructure of such a WAMS should be taken into account.
2013
The increasing demand of load without considerable increase in transmission resources has posed numerous constraints and challenges in the power system monitoring and performance. The inadequacy in transmission resources has resulted in reduced operational margins for many power systems worldwide and has led to operation of power systems closer to their stability limits and to power exchange in new patterns. The issues of deregulation trend in the industry and the requirement of better network monitoring, leads to the development of the solutions for wide area monitoring, protection and control, than the currently used methods which are mostly good for local area monitoring, protection and control. The author set the time-synchronization constraints in monitoring, protection and control of remote node for wide areas to obtain data and take decisions in timely manner, preventing catastrophic consequences. The all got its importance and because of the presence of currently used insuff...
Power System Dynamic State Estimation With Synchronized Phasor Measurements
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000
The dynamic state estimation (DSE) applied to power systems with synchrophasor measurements would estimate the system's true state based on measurements and predictions. In this application, as phasor measurement units (PMUs) are not deployed at all power system buses, state predictions would enhance the redundancy of DSE input data. The significance of predicted and measured data in DSE is affected by their confidence levels, which are inversely proportional to the corresponding variances. In practice, power system states may undergo drastic changes during hourly load fluctuations, component outages, or network switchings. In such conditions, the inclusion of predicted values could degrade the power system state estimation. This paper presents a mixed-integer programming formulation of DSE that is capable of simultaneously discarding predicted values whenever sudden changes in the system state are detected. This feature enhances the DSE computation and will not require iterative executions. The proposed model accommodates systemwide synchronized measurements of PMUs, which could be of interest to smart grid applications in energy management systems. The voltage phasors at buses without PMUs are calculated via voltage and current measurements of adjacent buses, which are referred to as indirect measurements. The guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement is used for computing the confidence level of indirect measurements based on uncertainties associated with PMU measurements as well as with transmission line parameters. Simulation studies are conducted on an illustrative three-bus example and the IEEE 57-bus power system, and the performance of the proposed model is thoroughly discussed.
When disturbances occur in power grid, monitoring, control and protection systems are required to stop the grid degradation, restore it to a normal state, and hence minimize their effects. However, in wide area power grid resulting from large extension and interconnection with neighbor grids, classical systems based on local independent measurements and decisions are not able to consider the overall power grid disturbances and then they are not able to avoid the blackout. The introduction of the advanced measurement and communication technologies in these systems may provide better ways to detect rapidly these disturbances and protect the overall grid from the propagation of the fast-cascading outages. Indeed, the observability of the wide area power system dynamics becomes feasible through the use of these recent developed technologies. Using wide area real-time synchro-phasor measurement system based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), different types of wide area protection, emer...
2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011
Control Systems (WAMC) are becoming a reality with increased international research and development. Several monitoring and control applications based on these systems have been proposed, and although with a relative small adoption, they are currently supporting the operations of some large transmission system operators. It is expected that the continued research and development of phasor data applications will enable the miracle of "Smart Grids" at the transmission level. The authors have realized that this can be achieved in timely fashion only if a research and development platform is developed to simultaneously address issues regarding information and communication infrastructures, and phasor data applications. This paper discusses the preliminary development, and deployment of an experimental wide-area monitoring and control platform in which several basic applications have been implemented, and that in the future will allow for the implementation and testing of envisioned applications. At its current stage, the platform allows both online monitoring and off-line analysis. In the future, it will be the cornerstone to a wider platform enabling research on phasor data applications that intrinsically account for ICT aspects.