The systematic discrepancy between A' for overall recognition and remembering: a dual-process account (original) (raw)
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Threshold-and signal-detection-based models have dominated theorizing about recognition memory. Building upon these theoretical frameworks, we have argued for a dualprocess model in which conscious recollection (a threshold process) and familiarity (a signal-detection process) contribute to memory performance. In the current paper we assessed several memory models by examining the effects of levels of processing and the number of presentations on recognition memory receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). In general, when the ROCs were plotted in probability space they exhibited an inverted U shape; however, when they were plotted in z space they exhibited a U shape. An examination of the ROCs showed that the dual-process model could account for the observed ROCs, but that models based solely on either threshold or signal-detection processes failed to provide a sufficient account of the data. Furthermore, an examination of subjects' introspective reports using the remember/know procedure showed that subjects were aware of recollection and familiarity and were able to consistently report on their occurrence. The remember/know data were used to accurately predict the shapes of the ROCs, and estimates of recollection and familiarity derived from the ROC data mirrored the subjective reports of these processes.
Recall-to-Reject in Recognition: Evidence from ROC Curves
Journal of Memory and Language, 2000
Dual-process models of recognition assume that recognition judgments are based on a fast-acting familiarity-based process and a slower, more accurate, recall-based process. Often, the recall process is assumed to operate as a recall-to-reject process in which mismatching information that is retrieved from memory is used to reject test foils that are similar to studied items. In four experiments, we use receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate the evidence for a recall-to-reject process in recognition judgments. Recall-to-reject emerged in item recognition and was especially apparent when participants were explicitly told that it was an appropriate strategy. Recall-to-reject also emerged in associative-recognition tasks in which sufficient time was allowed for a recall process to contribute to the recognition judgments.
Memory & Cognition, 2010
Using old-new ratings and remember-know judgments we explored the plurals paradigm, in which studied words must be distinguished from plurality-changed lures. The paradigm allowed us to investigate negative remembering, that is, the remembering of a plural-altered study item; capacity for this judgment was found to be poorer than or equivalent to the conventional positive remembering. A response-bias manipulation affected positive but not negative remembering. The ratings were used to construct ROC curves and test the prediction of the most common dual-process theory of recognition memory ) that the amount of recollection can be independently estimated from ROC curves and from remember judgments. By fitting the individual data with pure signal-detection (SDT) models and dual-process models that combined SDT and threshold components (HTSDT), we identified two types of subjects. For those who were better described by HTSDT, the predicted convergence of remember-know and ROC measures was observed. For those who were better described by SDT the ROC intercept could not predict the remember rate. The data are consistent with the idea that all subjects rely on the same representation but base their decisions on different partitions of a decision space.
Item recognition memory and the ROC.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 2003
Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of study time, study repetition, semantic and orthographic similarity, and category length on item recognition memory receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). Analyses of ROC shape rejected A. P. Yonelinas's (1994) dual-process model. The normal unequal variance signal-detection model provided a better account of the data, except for a small but consistent excess of high-confidence errors. It was found that z-transformed ROC slope was increased by similarity, category length, and study item repetition, rejecting R. "constancy-of-slopes" generalization for these variables, but slope was relatively unaffected by massed study time.
Recognition memory: A cue and information analysis
Memory & Cognition, 1983
Recall and recognition are operationally distinct procedures, yet there is increasing evidence for the involvement of recall in recognition decisions. Although this observation is not generally disputed, there has been no agreement about the appropriate level of theoretical analysis. Our contention in this paper is that the most fundamental level of analysis is in terms of the cues used, with the next level referring to the nature of the information employed as evidence. We compare at length two dual-information models to demonstrate important differences in their cuing assumptions and the difficulty of establishing that anything more than a cue analysis is required. We conclude tentatively in support of an information distinction and devote the final section to determining whether item information is contextually descriptive or is a strength variable that merely correlates with occurrence in the experiment.