Radon Exhalation and radiological impact of building materials containing fly ASH (original) (raw)

Abstract

The knowledge of the natural radioactivity of building materials is important for the determination of population exposure to radiations, as most of the residents spend about 80% of their time indoors, In controlling the natural radiation exposure for the residents of dwellings, it is necessary to detennine the levels of natllHI1radioactivity and radon exhalation rate from building materials, A knowledge 0[' Hldioactivity present in construction materials helps to (n) assess the possible radiological hazards to human health and (b) develop the standards and guidelines for use and management ofthe,~materials. The pr~s~nt study deals with a total of 71 samples of II dilTerent commonly used structural and covering building materials in which, six types of covering/decorative building materials (marble, granite, mosaic stone, tiles, limestone and lime powder, where, most of them are imported from different countries); four types of structural building materials (cement, brick, sand and stone) and one by-product of coal-fired power plants (fly ash) were collected from varions manufactnrers ami suppliers to measure the natural radioactivity due to the presence of :!:!uRa, 2J2.yhand 4rx.. The measurements were carried ont using gamma-ray spectrometry with an HPGe detector. The radon exhalation rate was measured by hermetically closing the sample in a contain~r and following the radon activity growth as a function of time. The specific activities of the different building materials srudied varied from 46.770101.91 to 117.770106.16 Bq.kg"l, 52.36:102.33 to 157.32"=8.55 Bq.k{l and 668,77="11.50 to 1463.3tli22.77 Bq.kg"1for 22liRa, m'lb and 4~, respectively. The results show that the lowest mean values of the specific activity of 226Ra,232Thand 4~K ar~46.77:101.91 (marble), 52.36:102.33 (marble) and 66~.77"=11.50 Bq.kg,1 (limestone), respectively while the highest mean values of the specific activity of the same radionuclides are 117.77"=6.16, 157.32"=8.55 and 1463.30"=22.77 8q.kg"l, respectively measured in fly ash. The measured activity concentrations for this radionuelide were compared with the reported data of other countries and with the typical world values. The average values of radon exhalution nlte of the studied materials varied li-om 0.010 to 0.044 Bq.kg'l.h'l. This study revealed that all the M f'itil'lltesis

Figures (153)

Fig-2.1 Block diagram of the gamma spectrometry system (HPGe detector used in the present work. Figs 2.1 and 2.2 respectively. A brief description of these parts is given below: The block diagram of HPGe detector and a photograph of this set-up are shown in

Fig-2.1 Block diagram of the gamma spectrometry system (HPGe detector used in the present work. Figs 2.1 and 2.2 respectively. A brief description of these parts is given below: The block diagram of HPGe detector and a photograph of this set-up are shown in

Fig-2.2 A complete setup of y-counting system (HPGe Detector with 40% relative efficiency) al HER WMU, INST, AERE, Savar, Dhaka.

Fig-2.2 A complete setup of y-counting system (HPGe Detector with 40% relative efficiency) al HER WMU, INST, AERE, Savar, Dhaka.

able 2.3 Counting efficiencies at various gamma energies for 150m1 standard geometry.

able 2.3 Counting efficiencies at various gamma energies for 150m1 standard geometry.

Table-3,1. Gamma lines used for y-spectromerry determinations. In data analysis the net count of the sample was brought about by subtracting a linear subtracted from each recorded spectrum.

Table-3,1. Gamma lines used for y-spectromerry determinations. In data analysis the net count of the sample was brought about by subtracting a linear subtracted from each recorded spectrum.

Large quantities of FA are produced by coal-fired thermal power plants and these ma}

Large quantities of FA are produced by coal-fired thermal power plants and these ma}

fable-3.2. Types and origin of some building material used for thi construction of dwellings in Bangladesh

fable-3.2. Types and origin of some building material used for thi construction of dwellings in Bangladesh

MBIT = Marble — Italy, MBIND = Marble — India, MBPAK = Marble — Pakistan, MBGRE = Marble — Greece, MBPOR = Marble ~ Portugal. ble-3.3 Specific activity levels (Bq.kg") in different Marble samples used in Bangladesh.

MBIT = Marble — Italy, MBIND = Marble — India, MBPAK = Marble — Pakistan, MBGRE = Marble — Greece, MBPOR = Marble ~ Portugal. ble-3.3 Specific activity levels (Bq.kg") in different Marble samples used in Bangladesh.

[[able-3.9 Comparison of the average activity concentrations of Granite samples (present study) with those obtained in other published data. ](https://figures.academia-assets.com/77179073/table_003.jpg)

[able-3.9 Comparison of the average activity concentrations of Granite samples (present study) with those obtained in other published data.

ble-3.12. Comparison of the average activity concentrations of Mosaic stone samples used as building material in Bangladesh with those obtained in other published data of indoor covering malerials.

ble-3.12. Comparison of the average activity concentrations of Mosaic stone samples used as building material in Bangladesh with those obtained in other published data of indoor covering malerials.

ble-3.16 Comparison of the average activity concentrations of Bangladeshi Tile samples with those obtained in other published data.

ble-3.16 Comparison of the average activity concentrations of Bangladeshi Tile samples with those obtained in other published data.

FA-CHINA = Chinese fly ash, FA-IND = Indian fly ash, CKR = Clinker, GPM = Gypsum

FA-CHINA = Chinese fly ash, FA-IND = Indian fly ash, CKR = Clinker, GPM = Gypsum

able-3.30 Summery of the specific activity levels (range and average) (Bq.kg™) of different building materials studied in the present work.

able-3.30 Summery of the specific activity levels (range and average) (Bq.kg™) of different building materials studied in the present work.

Fig-3 3. The activity concentrations of Ra, Th and K (Bq kg”) of the differer granite samples examined.

Fig-3 3. The activity concentrations of Ra, Th and K (Bq kg”) of the differer granite samples examined.

Fig-3 7. The actimty concentrations of Ra, Th and K (Bq.kg-1) of the different tile samples examined.

Fig-3 7. The actimty concentrations of Ra, Th and K (Bq.kg-1) of the different tile samples examined.

Fig-3 9. The actiMty concentrations of Ra, Th and K (8q.kg"') of the different cement sample examined.

Fig-3 9. The actiMty concentrations of Ra, Th and K (8q.kg"') of the different cement sample examined.

Fig-3.17. Comparison of the average activity concentrations (Bg.kg"') of limestone and Ime powder sample (prasent work) with those obtained in other published dala in some countries

Fig-3.17. Comparison of the average activity concentrations (Bg.kg"') of limestone and Ime powder sample (prasent work) with those obtained in other published dala in some countries

meets #, SOMPAson OF the average Radium equivalent activities (Rao), Hazard index (H), dose (E) and Gamma activity concentration index (1} of the t published data. Absorbed dose rate (D), Annual effective ile samples in the present study with those obtained in other

meets #, SOMPAson OF the average Radium equivalent activities (Rao), Hazard index (H), dose (E) and Gamma activity concentration index (1} of the t published data. Absorbed dose rate (D), Annual effective ile samples in the present study with those obtained in other

TEMES ONRTASS RaChum equivalent activities (Ra Gamma activity concentration index (I) of ihe cement samples in th eq), Flazard index (H). Absorbed dose raic (D), Annual effective dose (E) € present study with those obtained in other published data. — — _. — —_— = $e: —_ _

TEMES ONRTASS RaChum equivalent activities (Ra Gamma activity concentration index (I) of ihe cement samples in th eq), Flazard index (H). Absorbed dose raic (D), Annual effective dose (E) € present study with those obtained in other published data. — — _. — —_— = $e: —_ _

(EOS EOL OOS aNerage Kadium equivalent activities (Raq), Hazard index (HF), Absorbed dose rate (D), Annual effective dose (E} and Gamma activity concentration indca (J) of different building materials examined in the present work.

(EOS EOL OOS aNerage Kadium equivalent activities (Raq), Hazard index (HF), Absorbed dose rate (D), Annual effective dose (E} and Gamma activity concentration indca (J) of different building materials examined in the present work.

Fig-4.6. Comparison of the radium equivalent activity concentration {Raeg) of different tile samples examined.

Fig-4.6. Comparison of the radium equivalent activity concentration {Raeg) of different tile samples examined.

Fig-4.9. Comparison of lhe Radium equivaler aciuly concentrations (Ra,,) of cement sample (present work} with those obtained in other published data in some Countries and world average value.

Fig-4.9. Comparison of lhe Radium equivaler aciuly concentrations (Ra,,) of cement sample (present work} with those obtained in other published data in some Countries and world average value.

Fig-4.10. Comparison of the radium equivalent activities (Razq) of fly ash, cement, clinker and gypsum samples examined.

Fig-4.10. Comparison of the radium equivalent activities (Razq) of fly ash, cement, clinker and gypsum samples examined.

Fig-4.12. Comparison of the radium equivalent (Ra,,) activities of diferent brick samples examined.

Fig-4.12. Comparison of the radium equivalent (Ra,,) activities of diferent brick samples examined.

Fig-4.14. Comparison of the radium equivalent (Ra,,) activities of diferent white and red sand samples examined.

Fig-4.14. Comparison of the radium equivalent (Ra,,) activities of diferent white and red sand samples examined.

Fig-4.20, Comparison of the external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard index of granite Sample (present work) with those obtained in other published data in some countries and world average value

Fig-4.20, Comparison of the external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard index of granite Sample (present work) with those obtained in other published data in some countries and world average value

Fig-4.36. External absorbed dose rate in outdoor {Dow) and indoor (Din) air 1m above the ground surface of different granite samples.

Fig-4.36. External absorbed dose rate in outdoor {Dow) and indoor (Din) air 1m above the ground surface of different granite samples.

Fig-4 45. External absorbed dose rate in outdoor {Dout} and indoor (Din) air 1m above the ground surface of different brick samples.

Fig-4 45. External absorbed dose rate in outdoor {Dout} and indoor (Din) air 1m above the ground surface of different brick samples.

Fig4 46 Comparison af the extemal absorbed dose rats in ouldoor (Day) and indoor (Djq) air 0! brick sample (present work) with those obtained in other published data in some countries and word average value

Fig4 46 Comparison af the extemal absorbed dose rats in ouldoor (Day) and indoor (Djq) air 0! brick sample (present work) with those obtained in other published data in some countries and word average value

Fig-4.53, Comparison of the total annual effective dase (EQ and the gamma activity cancentration index (I) of granite sample (present work) with those obtained in other Published date in same countries and world average value. I

Fig-4.53, Comparison of the total annual effective dase (EQ and the gamma activity cancentration index (I) of granite sample (present work) with those obtained in other Published date in same countries and world average value. I

Fig-4 58. Comparison of the total annual effective dose (Et) and Lhe gamma acimty concentration index (I) of cement sample (presen work) with those obtalned in other Published data in seme counines and word average vale,

Fig-4 58. Comparison of the total annual effective dose (Et) and Lhe gamma acimty concentration index (I) of cement sample (presen work) with those obtalned in other Published data in seme counines and word average vale,

Fig-4.61. Calculated values of the total annual effective dose {E,) and th gamma activty concentration index (l) for bnck samples.

Fig-4.61. Calculated values of the total annual effective dose {E,) and th gamma activty concentration index (l) for bnck samples.

Fig-4.63, Calculated values of the total annual effective dose {E,} and the gamma activity concentration index (t) for sand samples,

Fig-4.63, Calculated values of the total annual effective dose {E,} and the gamma activity concentration index (t) for sand samples,

[MBIT = Marble — Italy, MBIND = Marble - [ndia, MBPAK = Marble — Pakistan, MBGRE = Marble — Greece, MBPOR = Marble - Partugal. ](https://figures.academia-assets.com/77179073/table_040.jpg)

MBIT = Marble — Italy, MBIND = Marble - [ndia, MBPAK = Marble — Pakistan, MBGRE = Marble — Greece, MBPOR = Marble - Partugal.

- ' 23> ‘ . 2. *°Ra concentration, *“*Rn emanation power and mass exhalation rate of different Granite sample.

- ' 23> ‘ . 2. *°Ra concentration, *“*Rn emanation power and mass exhalation rate of different Granite sample.

MSIND = Indian mosaic slone, MSPAK = Pakistani mosaic. MSBIHU = Bhutanian mosaic. . ? . 5.3. ?°Ra concentration. “Rn emanation power and mass exhatation rate of different Mosaic stone sample.

MSIND = Indian mosaic slone, MSPAK = Pakistani mosaic. MSBIHU = Bhutanian mosaic. . ? . 5.3. ?°Ra concentration. “Rn emanation power and mass exhatation rate of different Mosaic stone sample.

‘CMB = Bangladeshi cement

‘CMB = Bangladeshi cement

6. **Ra concentration, *222n cmanation power and mass exhalation raie of Fly ash, clinker and gypsum sample.

6. **Ra concentration, *222n cmanation power and mass exhalation raie of Fly ash, clinker and gypsum sample.

BRB = Bangladeshi brick

BRB = Bangladeshi brick

. 222 8. Ra concentration, different Sand sample. Rn cmanation power and mass exhalation rate of

. 222 8. Ra concentration, different Sand sample. Rn cmanation power and mass exhalation rate of

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