Removal of selected pharmaceuticals from aqueous matrices with activated carbon (original) (raw)
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New approaches on the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewaters with adsorbent materials
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2015
This review article summarizes the alternative use of adsorbent materials for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewaters. Pharmaceutical wastewaters are very hazardous and toxic not only for the human but also for environmental life. The existence of various drug pollutants in such effluents surcharges the aqueous media. Therefore, apart from the proposed conventional (until now) methods applied (biodegradation, photocatalysis, ozonation, Fenton process, etc.), the applicability of adsorption as simple and low-cost technique is recently applied. Some of the most important materials discussed in this work are clays, polymers (chitosan), zeolites, various types of (activated) carbons, composite materials (graphene-based), agricultural wastes or soils. The key-factor about the selection of the most suitable adsorbent material has resulted after adsorption experiments varying some major parameters (pH, contact time, initial pharmaceutical compound concentration, ionic strength, etc.). However, the most crucial factor is the adsorption capacity. So, some isotherm models are also commented here (Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips), which predict the maximum theoretical adsorption capacity (Q m ) of each material used.
An Overview of Carbon-Based Materials for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Active Compounds
IntechOpen eBooks, 2020
Carbon-based materials, namely activated carbon, carbon nanotube and graphene, are considered as one of the most effective adsorbents for pollutant removal and wastewater treatment. Due to their high surface area and distinct chemical and physical properties of the carbon-based materials, particularly activated carbon and carbon nanotube are rapidly emerging as one of the most effective adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Various studies have reported the applications of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene as promising adsorbents for removing organic and inorganic pollutants. In this chapter, an introduction about the activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene and their production, prosperities and usage for the removal of pharmaceutical active materials from aqueous media are highlighted and summarized. Challenges and future opportunities for application of these carbon-based materials as adsorbents in wastewater treatment are also addressed in this chapter.
Microchemical Journal, 2019
A novel-modified magnetic chitosan adsorbent was used to remove selected pharmaceuticals, i.e., diclofenac (DCF) and clofibric acid (CA) and carbamazepine (CBZ), from aqueous solutions. The characterization of magnetic chitosan was achieved by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and nitrogen sorption analysis. The magnetic chitosan had effective sorption affinity for DCF and CA but no sorption of CBZ was observed. The sorption capacities of CA and DCF in the individual solutions were 191.2 and 57.5 mg/g, respectively. While in mixed solution, DCF showed higher sorption affinity. Sorption kinetics indicated a quick equilibrium reached within 2 min. Lower solution pH values were found to be advantageous for the adsorption process. The sorption efficacy of CA declined significantly with increasing inorganic salt concentration. However, sorption performance of DCF was stable under different ionic strength conditions.
The use of activated carbon for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions: a review
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2017
The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds in surface and ground water is of concern due to the adverse effects they may have on human health, aquatic life, and the environment, emphasizing the importance of their removal from the water compartment. Activated carbon adsorption has proven to be effective for the removal of several types of inorganic and organic contaminants either as a standalone polishing step or in combination with other conventional and advanced water and wastewater treatment systems. This paper discusses the current status of the removal of pharmaceuticals from water using activated carbon derived from numerous precursors, providing an in-depth review of the multitude of factors (adsorbent properties, adsorbate properties, operating conditions) affecting the adsorption process, from the preparation of the activated carbon to its regeneration. A critical assessment of the existing literature is presented, highlighting research and development needs that may ultimately lead to a more comprehensive and sustainable use of activated carbon for the removal of pharmaceuticals from the water environment.
Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal, 2020
Pharmaceutical wastes are emerging organic contaminants, mostly unregulated and on the increase. This study evaluates the potential of low-cost activated carbons derived from bamboo in remediating Pharmaceutical actives contaminants (PhACs) and compared with Oclansorb. Two species of bamboos were processed into activated carbons using ZnCl 2 , KCl, and H 3 PO 4 . Selections of the bamboo adsorbents were based on porosity and surface area using BET analysis. Batch adsorption process was used with contact time as bench mark for comparison. Carbonized Bambusa vulgaris (CBV350 O C H 3 PO 4 ) has the highest surface area (SPAS) of 30.1342 m 2 /g when compared to other adsorbents while carbonized Oxythenantera abyssinica (COA 350 O C KCl) gave the highest pore size (AAPW) 446.4384(A). CBV (350 O C H 3 PO 4 ) gave type IV isotherm classification which favors mono and multilayer adsorption as compared to others adsorbents that obeys the type III isotherm classification . COA with KCl activ...
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, 2019
Medicinal product based activated carbon was applied for the sorption of pharmaceutical active compounds in batch and aquatic systems. The MP-AC was characterized utilized X-Ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The sorption process was found to be strongly dependent on the pH of solution which shows maximum sorption efficiency and sorption capacity at lower pH (pH=4) of 89.53% and qe = 29.35 mg.g-1 , respectively. Moreover, the pHpzc also determined using drift method to evaluate the surface charge of the sorbent (pHpzc= 6.68). The sorption mechanism suitably described using a Redlich-Peterson isotherm model and confirmed by the value of chi-square test(X 2 = 0.01905). The results revealed that the sorption process is spontaneous and more effective at low temperatures.
Adsorption Science & Technology
Antibiotics are emerging water pollutants that have attracted significant attention from the scientific community. Antibiotics are generally released via hospital effluents, industrial production waste, animal manure, and irrigated agricultural land. Antibiotic residues can harm all living organisms, with the most detrimental consequence being the generation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, commonly known as “superbugs.” Antimicrobial resistance is a concern to the healthcare community as it complicates the treatment of infections. Thus, the development of effective and economical technologies to remove antibiotics from the environment is necessary. Adsorption is a promising technology owing to its effectiveness and high operational feasibility, and carbon-based adsorbents are primitive materials that are particularly suited for antibiotic adsorption. Herein, an overview of the current state of antibiotic pollution will be summarised, including the adverse effects of differen...
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010
The adsorption of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely naproxen and ketoprofen, has been studied. Low-cost carbonaceous materials such as carbon blacks have been used as the adsorbents. The influence of temperature (20-60 • C), pH (3-11), ionic strength (0.01-0.1 M), textural properties of the adsorbents (S BET and pore volumes) and aqueous matrix on the adsorption process has been analyzed. The adsorption isotherms have been determined both in milli-Q TM aqueous solution and water from the Guadiana river. Ionic strength and pH exert a noticeable influence on the process. In general, the removal is favored at low values of temperature and pH. On the contrary, an increase of the ionic strength seems to favor the adsorption process. The use of more porous adsorbents results in a more effective removal of the pollutants. Finally, the use of natural river water results in a noticeable increase of the removal capacity of naproxen and, particularly, ketoprofen. The experimental results proved that, under the optimal operation conditions, up to 517 mg/g of naproxen and 400 mg/g of ketoprofen may be adsorbed, which demonstrates the promising potential of these adsorbents for the removal of the pharmaceuticals under study.
Activated Carbon for Pharmaceutical Removal at Point-of-Entry
Processes, 2021
Pharmaceuticals are an increasing problem in waterways due to improper disposal and lack of removal at wastewater treatment plants. Long-term exposure impacts to humans are unknown but have been observed in model organisms (i.e., fish), impacting reproduction, changing temperament, and causing organ damage. The application of activated carbon (AC) for organic contaminant removal is widespread and applied successfully for water treatment. The objective of this study is to rapidly adsorb ibuprofen using AC to determine the feasibility as a point-of-entry treatment option for removal of pharmaceuticals in the toilet. AC factors analyzed include type of AC raw material, adsorbent particle size, contact time, and competitive adsorption of ibuprofen and common toilet bowl cleaner components such as chlorine and methylene blue dye. A coconut-based AC with a high surface area adsorbed the highest quantity of ibuprofen. There was no significant impact to ibuprofen adsorption upon the introdu...