Procrastination: appraisal and the individual differences that influence delay (original) (raw)
Related papers
Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood
Personality and Individual Differences, 2001
Procrastination research has generated con¯icting results, partly due to the reliance on contaminated self-report measures. This study addressed this situation by creating scales based on both observed behaviors and atheoretical self-reports, and using these scales to determine procrastination's performance, mood, and personality correlates. One-hundred and ®fty-two undergraduates were measured at six time periods during an 11-week introductory psychology course. The course consisted of a computer-administered personalized system of instruction, a system noted for susceptibility to procrastination. Results show that procrastination is an excellent predictor of performance, though some ®nal-hour catching-up is possible. Eorts to clarify its causes were mixed. Procrastination does re¯ect an excessive discrepancy between work intentions and work actions, as procrastinators tend to have a larger than average intention-action gap, especially at the beginning of the course. On the other hand, procrastination's correlations with mood (i.e., state and trait aect) and personality (i.e., neuroticism, self-esteem, locus of control, extraversion, psychoticism, dominance, and self-monitoring) are uncertain as results diverge depending upon whether observed or self-report procrastination criteria are used. This dichotomy indicates that self-report procrastination likely re¯ects a self-assessment in¯uenced by actual behavior but also signi®cantly contaminated by self-concept. #
It is important to understand causes and consequences of procrastination that is appeared common among general and academic population. Procrastination affects people in various domains of life such as academic, professional, social relationships, and finance management. A person with high procrastination may lose his/her work, drop out from school, or may endanger his/her marital life. Similarly, High procrastinators might increasingly experience psychological distress related to lack of sense of personal control, self- worth and lack of sense of self-perceived personal ability as deadlines approach. The purpose of this study presents theoretical and conceptual frames of procrastination that is an important variable of individual difference and common in general and academic population.
Procrastination, Fear of Negative Evaluation and Perceived Stress Among Emerging Adults
international journal of engineering technology and management sciences
Procrastination refers to a form of self-regulation on failure characterized by the irrational delay of tasks despite potentially negative consequences. Fear of negative evaluation can be defined as the expectations that others would evaluate oneself negatively, anxiety about others, negative evaluation and anguish over the negative evaluation by others. Perceived stress refers to the degree to which events in a person’s life are assessed as stressful, unpredictable and uncontrollable. The study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the procrastination, fear of negative evaluation and perceived stress among the emerging adults. The sample data were collected from 118 emerging adults from the commerce field and who fall in the age range 18-25. The participants were from different colleges. The tools used in the study are procrastination scale (PS), fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and perceived stress scale (PSS). Spearman Rho correlation was used to find the correlation...
Procrastination refers to a prevalent self-regulatory failure that alludes to deferring necessary actions required to successfully complete tasks on time, and instead engaging in activities that are more rewarding with short term over long term gains (Aremu, Williams, & Adesina, 2011). Procrastination is identified as one of the least understood minor human miseries and a complex psychological phenomenon that not only leads to psychological distress, but also shows significant links to lower levels of health, wealth, and well-being (Balkis & Duru, 2007; Steel & Ferrari, 2013). Approximately, 20-25% of adult men and women living around the world are indulged in chronic procrastination in various domains like academic, social relationships, professional, and finance management (Balkis & Duru, 2007; Ferrari & Díaz-Morales, 2014). Some of the identified factors closely associated with procrastination include evaluation anxiety, task aversiveness, task delay, low self-efficacy, lack of persistence, dependence, fear of failure, negative evaluation, irrational beliefs, learned helplessness, and perfectionism (Schubert & Stewart, 2000; Steel, 2007; Steel & Ferrari, 2013). Procrastination tendencies also give rise to poor self-esteem, poor self-confidence, anxiety, public and private self-consciousness, and concerns over public image (Ferrari, 2001). The prevalence, predictors, causes, treatments, and implications of procrastination behavioral patterns in general, academic, and work settings are reviewed.
2019
Procrastination is a behavioral phenomenon described as delaying the tasks. It causes stress, feeling guilty, and a severe reduction in individual productivity. It also leads to the lack of social approval due to non-commitment to tasks and responsibilities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of perfectionism and perceived stress in behavioral procrastination with the mediating role of self-regulation. This research was a fundamental-correlational study. The research population included students of the University of Tabriz in the academic year of 2018-2019, 300 of which were selected by cluster random sampling method. To measure the data, Lee and Mann Procrastination Scale, Multiple Procrastination Scale (MPS), Cohen Perceived Stress Scale, and Self-monitoring Scale were used.The results of data analysis using structural equation modeling method showed that self-regulation could mediate the relationship between perfectionism and perceived stress as well as behavioral procrastination. In this regard, the measured model had desirable fit with the theoretical model. These results had practical implications for reducing procrastination of students. They suggested that personality traits and behavioral skills played a key role in the emergence of procrastination.
2012
The present paper examines the nature of procrastination-related automatic thoughts by examining the correlates of the Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory (PCI). The PCI was administered along with numerous other measures to three samples of students (two undergraduate samples and one graduate student sample). Analyses confirmed that the PCI is associated with elevated levels of neuroticism and low levels of conscientiousness but is a unique predictor of distress over and above the variance attributable to these broad personality traits. The PCI was associated significantly with negative automatic thoughts in general as well as automatic thoughts reflecting the need to be perfect. Tests of achievement goal orientation showed that students with high scores on the PCI are focused on performance avoidance goals. Elevated levels of procrastinatory cognitions among graduate students were associated with apprehension about writing, graduate student stress, low self-actualization, and feelings of being an impostor. Overall, the findings suggest that the experience of frequent procrastination-related thoughts contributes uniquely to increased levels of psychological distress and stress. Our findings point to the potential utility of incorporating an emphasis on procrastination cognitions when conducting assessments and when implementing cognitive-behavioral interventions focused on procrastination-related themes.
Procrastination, Stress and Coping in Students and Employees
2016
Throughout history, procrastination is seen as an unwanted behavior that can bring about negative consequences. Researches show that procrastinators have higher levels of stress than people who do not procrastinate and thus, lower levels of well-being. The findings of this research show that the participants who tend to procrastinate frequently are more likely to feel higher levels of stress, are less prone to use proactive coping and engage more frequently in avoidance coping. Students tend to procrastinate more than employees and have higher levels of stress.
Researchers and practitioners have long regarded procrastination as a selfhandicapping and dysfunctional behavior. In the present study, the authors proposed that not all procrastination behaviors either are harmful or lead to negative consequences. Specifically, the authors differentiated two types of procrastinators: passive procrastinators versus active procrastinators. Passive procrastinators are procrastinators in the traditional sense. They are paralyzed by their indecision to act and fail to complete tasks on time. In contrast, active procrastinators are a "positive" type of procrastinator. They prefer to work under pressure, and they make deliberate decisions to procrastinate. The present results showed that although active procrastinators procrastinate to the same degree as passive procrastinators, they are more similar to nonprocrastinators than to passive procrastinators in terms of purposive use of time, control of time, self-efficacy belief, coping styles, and outcomes including academic performance. The present findings offer a more sophisticated understanding of procrastination behavior and indicate a need to reevaluate its implications for outcomes of individuals.
Examining the self of chronic procrastinators: Actual, ought, and undesired attributes
2007
Little is known on how chronic procrastinators perceive their selfidentity. In the present study, chronic procrastinators (n = 36) and nonprocrastinators (n = 32) sorted cards of self-concept and self-presentation attributes into actual, ought, and undesired selves. Procrastinators compared to nonprocrastinators had greater actual-ought, actual-undesired, and ought-undesired discrepancies. Results indicated that procrastinators held negative attributes of their self-concept and self-presentational characteristics. proposed self-discrepancy theory, a model on how a person weights various components of their self. Discrepancy between one's actual self, the view a person holds of their self at the moment, and one's ought self, the view that the person holds on how their self should be, result in dislike for oneself. Disparity between the perceived actual self and other domains of the self represent personal evaluative standards related to affective and motivational outcomes (e.g., Higgins, 1996). Actual-ought discrepancies, for instance, involve the presence of negative outcomes related to feelings of agitation, fear, and anxiety .