Principles and applications of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (original) (raw)
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A review of basic concepts in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography
2002
The technique of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is reviewed. A description of technical aspects of the method illustrates how the GC×GC result is achieved through the use of dual-coupled columns and the modulation of capillary chromatographic peaks. This review presents an expanded section dealing with the relationship between the modulation phase and frequency and the resulting peak pulse profiles. Experimental results that support the appreciation and understanding of the effects that pulsing has on a chromatographic peak are provided. The main goals of GC×GC analysis are discussed with respect to analytical sensitivity and peak capacity arising from zone compression effects and fast analysis on the second column. A typical application of GC×GC is presented, along with a consideration of implementation of the GC×GC method.
Comparison of one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional separations by gas chromatography
Journal of Chromatography A, 2008
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) can reveal information on the composition of a sample in a way that cannot be done by one-dimensional GC (1D-GC). GC×GC also offers much greater control of chromatographic selectivity based on molecular structure. However, in spite of more than 15 years of claims of the ability of GC×GC to resolve an overwhelmingly larger number of peaks than 1D-GC, and in spite of the theoretically proven potential of GC×GC to have an order of magnitude larger peak capacity than 1D-GC, the peak capacity of currently practiced GC×GC does not generally exceed the peak capacity attainable from 1D-GC with the same analysis time and the same minimal detectable concentration (MDC). The methodology for comparing the peak capacity of GC×GC to 1D-GC is described. The comparison of the performance of GC×GC to 1D-GC shows that the modulator is the key bottleneck limiting the performance of existing GC×GC. To realize the full potential of GC×GC, duration of injection from a modulator into the second-dimension column should be reduced by an order of magnitude or more. Use of powerful data analysis techniques such as peak deconvolution in both dimensions can further increase resolving power of GC×GC.
2-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy: A Review
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Gas Chromatography separates components in time. Mass spectroscopy provides information that aids in the identification and structural elucidation of each component. Comprehensive 2-Dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is a novel technique. The revolutionary aspect of GC x GC, with respect to classical multidimensional chromatography, is that the entire sample is subjected to two distinct analytical separations. The resulting enhanced separating capacity makes this approach a prime choice when GC analysts are challenged with highly complex mixtures. The combination of a third mass spectrometric dimension to a GC x GC system generates the most powerful analytical tool today for volatile and semi-volatile analytes. The present review is focused on the instrumentation of 2D GC-MS, the difference between GC and 2d GC, application of 2d GC-MS have been discussed.
TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2015
Green sample preparation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) Solid-phase microextraction is the most common green sample-preparation method Significant applications coupling green sample preparation and GC×GC Possible future scenarios on coupling green sample preparation and GC×GC ABSTRACT This critical review focuses on the use and the penetration of green sample-preparation (GSP) methods in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). The first GSP GC×GC experiment (supercritical-fluid extraction) appeared in 1994, and, since then, there has been a relatively-moderate use of this combination. Specifically, one approach (solid-phase microextraction) has been exploited quite often, while all others very rarely, apart from solid-phase extraction, which often does not fully fit within the GSP category. As well as descriptions of significant GSP GC×GC applications, we explain this divergent tendency and describe possible future scenarios.
Recent advances in multidimensional gas chromatography
TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 1994
Although capillary gas chromatography has developed into one of the most widely utilized analytical tools, it is evident that very complex mixtures cannot be suitably separated using only a single separation stage. An alternative is to utilize multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC). This article reviews some recent developments and applications of capillary MDGC employing both spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic detection systems.
Detector technologies for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography
Journal of Separation Science, 2006
The detector is an integral and important part of any chromatographic system. The chromatographic peak profiles (i. e. peak separation) should, ideally, be unaffected by the detector -it should only provide the sensing capacity required at the end of a column separation process. The relatively new technique of comprehensive 2-D GC (GC6GC) extends the performance of GC manyfold, but comes at a price -existing GC systems may not be adequately designed with the requirements of GC6GC in mind. This is primarily the need for precise measurement of very fast peaks entering the detector (e. g. as fast as 50 ms basewidth in some instances). The capacity of the detector to closely track a rapidly changing chromatographic peak profile depends on a number of factors, such as design of flow paths and make-up gas introduction, type of detector response mechanism, and the chemistry of the response. These factors are discussed here as a means to appreciate the technical demands of detection in GC6GC. The MS detector will not be included in this review.