Non-Metropolitan To Metropolitan Area Migration Of Young Adults (original) (raw)
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A Note on the Determinants of Inter-Metropolitan Migration
Review of Regional Studies, 1978
The objective of this note is to examine empirically the impact on geographic mobility of explicitly including geographic living costs in the migration decision calculus. This study is directed toward an analysis of migration patterns in the United States. Specifically, the study examines net migration over the 1960-1970 period to some 36 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA’s) in the United States for which adequate living-cost data are available.
The effect of local ties, wages, and housing costs on migration decisions
The Journal of Socio-Economics, 2011
Previous research on migration has focused more on the effect of wage differences between the destination and the origin on migration and less on how non-pecuniary attachments workers have to their current location may affect their migration decisions. In this paper, we examine how the presence of a strong social network and desirable location amenities in the current location may deter individual migration across U.S. metropolitan areas. Our empirical results show that, controlling for wage and housing cost differences between metropolitan areas, workers with strong attachments to their current location are significantly less likely to move. Interestingly, the effects of a strong social network and desirable location amenities on individual migration decisions are more important than the effect of wage or housing cost differentials between the destination and the origin.
Annals of Regional Science, 1978
A large literature has emerged dealing with the economic and non-economic determinants of migration. Among the economic determinants of migration are income levels and rates of change in income in different areas. These variables are designed to measure labor market opportunities both currently and in the future. Invariably, studies which attempt to explain migration utilizenominal measures of income and change in income, notreal measures. Yet assuming that individuals are not subject to money illusion, they would be interested in cost of living information as well as in information regarding nominal income and change in income. This paper examines this issue empirically. We demonstrate that some cost of living variables, when included in a migration equation, enter with the expected sign and are statistically significant. We also demonstrate the failure to include such variables in a regression results in misspecification and bias involving some of the variables in the regression.
Journal of Housing Economics, 1992
Migration is traditionally explained by better earnings opportunities. A recent alternative explanation emphasizes improved living conditions in a new location. This paper builds on limited work that combines earnings and consumption approaches and recent research on quality of life. We consider the individual's decision to move and choice of destination. Augmented microdata from the 1980 Census are used to estimate impacts of wages, housing costs, quality of life, and moving costs on the probabilities of changing counties between 1975 and 1980 and on movers choosing specific counties. Wages and moving costs are most important in choosing whether or not to move. Quality of life, wages, and housing prices matter in choosing destination.
The Returns to Migration: The Influence of Education and Migration Type
Growth and Change, 2013
We show the impact of migration type on real wages over time. We create a migration and earnings history from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth over the period 1979-2002. We estimate the effects of primary, onward, and two types of return migration on real wages using a panel data model with individual, location, and time fixed effects. Panel data are well suited for the study of the returns to U.S. internal migration because the influence of migration on wages has been found to occur years after the event. We differentiate return migration into two types: return to a location with ties that form a geographical anchor ("home") and return to a prior place of work. We find that real wage growth varies by migration type. Education attainment is a significant factor in real wage growth. Our results show that onward migration is an important channel by which the monetary rewards to a college education are manifested.
Econometric Analysis of the Determinants of Household Geographical Migration in the US
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022
For several decades, the United States has witnessed a great rate of household mobility. Analysis of migration patterns by Brookings show that during the post-WWII period, the years 2008/2009 saw the lowest rate of mobility in the United States (Frey 2009). Data from Annual Social and Economic Supplement shows that 35.9 million Americans changed residence between the year 2012 and 2013 (Ihrke 2014). Taking into account the mobility rate of renters and homeowners, surveys demonstrate that renters are the most mobile compared to the homeowners. Similarly, findings from empirical studies shows all else fixed, home owners are 41.73 percent more likely to move compared to home-renters for the period 1993 to 2001 (Boehm and Schlottmann 2006). Geographical mobility is an important factor in economics. In theory, migration occurs from areas with lower benefits to areas with higher benefits. Since mobility is costly, an individual will consider moving when the present value of benefits exceeds the present value of costs, both monetary and physic. In a recent survey by the U.S. Census Bureau, when asked about their reasons of moving, about 45 percent gave housing related reasons, 30 percent gave family related reasons, and 20 percent gave job related reasons (Ihrke 2014). With the current developments in communication and transportation technology, geographical mobility is expected to take several turns and shifts. Individuals and households will give diverse reasons on their decisions to change residence. This is because when transportation market is efficient and reliable there is increased access to opportunities. Technological advancement has a big influence on the everyday life of individuals. At the aggregate level, technological advancement in transportation industry reduces the cost of travelling to seek jobs, reduces congestion in residential areas and increases the geographical access in terms of opportunities available to movers (Green 2002; Cowan et al. 2012). This calls for a review of current literature to ascertain whether the determinants of mobility change over time or have remained constant. Using data from 2000, 2005 and 2010, this study examines whether the determinants of mobility have evolved over time. In particular, the focus is on the role played by location specific amenities and fiscal amenities, based on the current residence of the population. Specifically, separate regressions will be estimated for each year of data, and tests will be conducted to see if coefficients across models are statistically significantly different. This paper will also estimate regressions separately for those who move across states and those who move within states. By comparing the estimated coefficients from these models, it is possible to determine if the determinants of in-state moves are similar to the determinants of out-of-state moves. Lastly, the study looks to explore the rate of mobility of women who are household heads. Mobility decisions of women has been tough to ascertain because of their role in the society as they are classified as secondary earners in the household. Women are traditionally tied movers and move because their husband's place of employment is changing. Therefore, by comparing female household heads to their male counterparts, we can see if the determinants of mobility are the same. If they are different, then that means that there remains gender differences concerning migration decisions. Comparing the results from the three years (2000, 2005 and 2010), the findings show that most determinants of household mobility vary across the three time-periods, except Gender, education level, annual income and property crime rate. In the estimation for the difference in the determinants of interstate and intrastate mobility decisions, number of bedrooms, age of household head and property tax rate are statistically the same for intrastate and interstate migration. In the regressions for male and female household heads, the results show that the coefficients for the variables home ownership, Hispanic, Black, annual income and average temperatures are statistically the same. The coefficients for the variable property tax rate had unexpected sign all through the regression results. The remaining part of this paper is planned as follows: Section 2 is the discussion of the existing literature for geographic mobility. In Section 3, the empirical model used for this study is outlined and analyzed. Data and results are outlined and discussed in Section 4 and lastly, Section 5 is the conclusion of the paper.
An Empirical Analysis of Income Expectations and Interstate Migration
Review of Regional Studies, 1975
Income expectations have been examined at considerable length as a result of their central role in the “permanent income” hypothesis formulated initially by Friedman and in the “life cycle” hypothesis formulated by Ando and Modighani. Income expectations have also been investigated in terms of their impact on a number of other issues, including investment in human capital, the efficacy of economic stabilization policies, and migration. This paper seeks to extend the latter body of literature by investigating how and to what extent certain income expectations proxies may influence human migration decisions in the United States.
A Regional Study of Net Migration Rates of College Students
The Review of Regional Studies, 1996
In this study, we examine the determinants of college student migration based on a sample of 50 states in 1992. Major findings show that the net migration rate of college students is negatively correlated with per capita personal income, tax burdens, and crime rates, but positively associated with the number of colleges and universities, expenditure per student, educational level of the population, and growth rate of employment. Past migration also significantly affects current migration. The unemployment rate and the wage rate in manufacturing are found to be insignificant.
Household migration: Theoretical and empirical results
Journal of Urban Economics, 1979
A consumption theory of migration is developed which supplements the traditional job search models. Migration, seen as an equilibrating reaction to an initially non-optimal location, is analyzed using standard demand theory. When one groups goods into those that are t,raded between areas and those that are not (weather, racial discrimination, crime rates, etc.) it is clear that only changing demands for the non-traded goods will result in changing optimal locations (assuming supplies are fixed). Illustrating, an increase in family income might lead to an increased demand for t'he non-traded good "personal safety." This might result, for example, in the substitution (through migration) of a lower crime suburban neighborhood for a higher crime central city neighborhood.