PREVALENCE OF RESISTANCE TO CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST Escherichia coli ISOLATED FROM HOLY RIVER GANGA, INDIA (original) (raw)
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The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major global and environmental health issue, yet the presence of antibiotic residues and resistance in the water and sediment of a river subjected to excessive anthropogenic activities and their relationship with water quality of the river are not well studied. The objectives of the present study were a) to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the water and sediment of the Kshipra river in India at seven selected sites during different seasons of the years 2014, 2015, and 2016 and b) to investigate the association between antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant E. coli in water and sediment and measured water quality parameters of the river. Antibiotic residues and resistant E. coli were present in the water and sediment and were associated with the measured water quality parameters. Sulfamethoxazole was the most frequently detected antibiotic in water at the highest ...
Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant E. Coli in the river Mahanadi of Sambalpur
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a potentially precarious peril for the world. The present study reports the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli in the widely used river water of Mahanadi. The isolates identified biochemically and by ribotyping to be Escherichia coli exhibited resistance to extended spectrum β-lactum antibiotics, carboxypenicillin coupled with β-lactamase inhibitor, glycopeptides, macrolides, first, second, third and fourth generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, first, second, third and fourth generation fluroquinolones. The resistance rate of the isolates to the 42 antibiotics tested ranged from 16.6% to 100% while the MAR indices of the isolates ranged between 0.51 and 0.90. High MAR indices mandate vigilant surveillance and remedial measures.
Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Lake Nainital, Uttarakhand State, India
Journal of Mountain Research, 2021
Researchers have encountered new challenges with the discovery of multiple drug resistance in microbes. Currently, multidrug resistant bacteria are considered a major public health concern and an emerging global epidemic. Presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as a faecal pollution measure. In this study E. coli isolates were collected from 20 sample collection sites at Lake Nainital. 20 E. coli isolates, 1 from each sample collection sites, were examined for their antibiotic response patterns against a panel of widely used 15 antibiotics. The result of this study showed 100% resistance to Penicillin G followed by Erythromycin (80%). All isolates (100%) were found susceptible for Gentamycin. The susceptibilities for Chloramphenicol and Co-trimoxazaole were found next to Gentamycin as 90 and 85% respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was also determined. 0.73 MAR index was observed as highest in 1 isolate. 13 out of 20 isolates had more than 0.2 MAR indices. ...
Prevalence of Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Coliform Bacteria in the Water of River Ganga
The current investigation was done to assess the bacterial load and detect the presence of indicator bacteria that acquire the spread of feacal contamination of water of river Ganga at Serampore, West Bengal, India. Total of 110 bacterial isolates, 25 feacal coliform, 50 Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp were isolated from river water. The objective of this study also showed the antibiotic resistivity of the different isolates. This result showed the notable presence of indicator coliform bacteria in the water and need for conventional treatment of water.
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Abstract: In many hilly tribal areas of the world, water scarcity is a major problem and diarrhoea is common. Poor quality of water also affects the environment. An integrated watershed management programme (IWMP) aims to increase availability of water and to improve life conditions. Globally, there is a lack of information on water contamination, occurrence of diarrhoea and antibiotic resistance, a serious global concern, in relation to IWMP in hilly tribal areas. Therefore, a prospective observational study was conducted during 2011–2012 in six villages in a hilly tribal belt of India, three with and three without implementation of an IWMP, to explore quality of water, diarrhoeal cases in the community and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from water sources. The results showed that physico-chemical quality of water was within limits of safe consumption in all samples. The odds of coliform contamination in water samples was 2.3 times higher in non-watershed management vill...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014
In many hilly tribal areas of the world, water scarcity is a major problem and diarrhoea is common. Poor quality of water also affects the environment. An integrated watershed management programme (IWMP) aims to increase availability of water and to improve life conditions. Globally, there is a lack of information on water contamination, occurrence of diarrhoea and antibiotic resistance, a serious global concern, in relation to IWMP in hilly tribal areas. Therefore, a prospective observational study was conducted during 2011-2012 in six villages in a hilly tribal belt of India, three with and three without implementation of an IWMP, to explore quality of water, diarrhoeal cases in the community and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from water sources. The results showed that physico-chemical quality of water was within limits of safe consumption in all samples. The odds of coliform contamination in water samples was 2.3 times higher in non-watershed management villages (NWMV) compared to integrated watershed management villages (IWMV) (95% CI 0.8-6.45, p = 0.081). The number of diarrhoeal OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11 6157 cases (18/663 vs. 42/639, p < 0.05) was lower in IWMV as compared to NWMV. Overall E. coli isolates showed high susceptibility to antibiotics. Resistance to a wider range of antibiotics was observed in NWMV.
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2019
Although access to piped drinking water continues to increase globally, information on the prevalence and clonal composition of coliforms found in piped water systems in low-resource settings remains limited. From June to July 2016, we examined Escherichia coli isolates in domestic water from the distribution system in Alibag, a small town in India. We analyzed the isolates for drug resistance and genotyped them by multilocus sequence typing. Of 147 water samples, 51 contained coliforms, and 19 (37%) of the 51 were biochemically confirmed to contain E. coli. These samples contained 104 E. coli isolates-all resistant to ampicillin. Resistance to ceftazidime was observed in 52 (50%) isolates, cefotaxime in 59 (57%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in 46 (44%), ciprofloxacin in 30 (29%), and gentamicin in two (2%). Thirty-eight (36%) belonged to sequence types recognized as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC); 19 (50%) of these 38 ExPEC belonged to known uropathogenic E. coli lineages. This exploratory field research shows the extent to which "improved" drinking water is a potential source of E. coli strains capable of causing extraintestinal infections. The prevalence of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents is a serious threat to global public health. Studies have shown that human activity is correlated with increased prevalence of genes conferring resistance to antimicrobial agents in the environment. 1 Specifically, this increase in resistance is correlated with the introduction of antimicrobial agents and bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents into the environment through activities known to occur in low-resource settings, such as wastewater dumping. 2 When piped drinking water contains agents such as NDM-1, a metallo-beta-lactamase, even the highest rung of the Joint Monitoring Program's "im-proved" water ladder is not safe. 3,4 The risks are potentially high in small towns of the global South, where water treatment and water quality data are both limited. As Escherichia coli is easily eliminated from drinking water, researchers use it as an indicator bacterium to determine whether water has recently been exposed to feces and whether it is safe for consumption. Its presence in more than 5% of drinking water samples indicates that the water treatment (if any) is inadequate to eliminate more harmful bacteria such as Campylobacter or Salmonella. 5 Detection of E. coli can also indicate either treatment inadequacy or posttreat-ment contamination. When considering an intermittent system , the possibility of posttreatment contamination is high. Few researchers have conducted in-depth microbiological studies of drinking water distribution systems; their focus has largely been on general bacterial community analysis or calculating the number of colony-forming units of E. coli. 6-8 The use of E. coli solely as a fecal indicator bacterium prevents researchers from understanding the public health impact of its antimicrobial drug resistance and its potential to be a human pathogen. A subgroup of E. coli causes diarrhea and is responsible for foodborne diseases in both high-income and low-income countries. 9 Another group of E. coli causes extraintestinal infections, referred to as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). It is the leading cause of Gram-negative bacter-emia and the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI), an infection primarily affecting women; both are potentially lethal if left untreated. 10,11 This exploratory study in a "typical" small town in India sought to determine what proportion of E. coli strains used as an indicator bacterium in field drinking water tests are drug-resistant, and are potential human pathogens. Alibag, Maharashtra, is a coastal tourist city with a population of 20,743. 12 Its piped drinking water system is intermittently supplied with water by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). The MIDC drinking water treatment plant sources drinking water from the Amba River and treats the raw water using liquid alum sul-fate, flash mixing, flocculation/settling, sand filtration, and chlorination with Cl 2 gas to 0.2 ppm. The treated water is then tested four times a day by an MIDC chemist for multiple contaminants. Water samples were collected from the water distribution system over an 8-week period from June to July 2016, which evenly captured the end of summer and the onset of the monsoon season. Samples were collected once a week from the treated water at the MIDC and from one of the three elevated storage reservoirs from which water is piped to households. Many households stored water in rooftop tanks connected to the distribution system to cope with its intermittent deliveries. Point-of-use samples were taken from households with in-home taps; for households collecting water from a public tap connected to the distribution system, points-of-collection samples were taken during their scheduled water allocations. Households were sampled such that the service area of the drinking water system was adequately covered. Water samples for quantification of bacteria were collected and processed with the compartment bag test (CBT) (Aqua-genx, Chapel Hill, NC), which uses a β-D-glucuronide E. coli indicator. 13 As per the CBT protocol, drinking water was collected in presterilized 100-mL pouches with a sodium thio-sulfate tablet to neutralize any residual chlorine-samples
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015
The present study focuses prudent elucidation of microbial pollution and antibiotic sensitivity profiling of the fecal coliforms isolated from River Cauvery, a major drinking water source in Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from ten hotspots during the year 2011-2012. The physiochemical characteristics and microbial count of water samples collected from most of the hotspots exhibited greater biological oxygen demand and bacterial count especially coliforms in comparison with control samples (p≤0.01). The antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using 48 antibiotics against the bacterial isolates by diskdiffusion assay. The current study showed that out of 848 bacterial isolates, 93.51 % (n=793) of the isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant to most of the current generation antibiotics. Among the major isolates, 96.46 % (n=273) of the isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant to 30 antibiotics and they were identified to be Escherichia coli by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Similarly, 93.85 % (n=107), 94.49 % (n= 103), and 90.22 % (n=157) of the isolates exhibited multiple drug resistance to 32, 40, and 37 antibiotics, and they were identified to be Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas trivialis, and Shigella sonnei, respectively. The molecular studies suggested the prevalence of bla TEM genes in all the four isolates and dhfr gene in Escherichia coli and Sh. sonnei. Analogously, most of the other Gram-negative bacteria were found to be multidrug-resistant and the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the water samples were found to be methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This is probably the first study elucidating the bacterial pollution and antibiotic sensitivity profiling of fecal coliforms isolated from River Cauvery, Karnataka, India.
The objectives of this study were to assess the bacteriological quality of tap water samples obtained from different markets of different upazillas of Mymensingh, Sherpur & Gazipur district. For achieving the above mentioned objectives, methods of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliform count (TCC) were applied. Moreover, isolated E. coli from tap water samples were characterized by using biochemical test, molecular method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. HPC was highest in market tap water collected from Kaligonj and TCC was highest in market tap water of collected from Mymensingh sadar. The geometric mean of HPC of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur districts water was 8.4x105 , 2.5 x106 and 6.8 x105 C.F.U/100 ml. Out of 20 isolates of E. coli, 20 isolates were amplified by using 16S rRNA gene based PCR. In respect to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, most of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin, ampicilin, tetracycline, streptomycin and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, a few E. coli isolates were intermediate resistant to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. However, a few of the E. coli isolates were resistant to erythromycin and amoxycilin. Moreover, out of 20 E. coli isolates 3 (15%) isolates were detected as multidrug resistant. This study indicated the presence of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates in tap water in Mymensingh, Sherpur and Gazipur districts that warrants particular attention.