On the Optimality of Limit Cycles in Nature Based-Tourism (original) (raw)

Optimal Dynamic Control of Visitors and Endangered Species in a National Park

Environmental and Resource Economics, 2012

To enable visitors to enjoy nature while protecting endangered species is the key challenge for national parks around the world. In our optimal dynamic control model, a park management maximizes tourism revenues and conservation benefits net of control costs by choosing optimal dynamic levels of conservation and visitor management. The optimization i s constrained by an extended food chain model representing species-habitat-visitor interactions.

Tourism, recreation and optimal environmental defensive expenditures

The protected areas(PAs) managers have to provide for regulated access of tourists and visitors into a park (on their own as well as through encouraging private sector activity in this sphere), while ensuring the preservation of its natural and cultural heritage. This means that PA develops and implements a system of management and economic measures that aim to involve tourists, tourist agencies and investor in the protected area and create (especially around its borders) a highly efficient tourism infrastructure that promotes the integration of the PA into social and economic structure of the region. The purpose of PAs and their recreation potential allows for the development of various type of regulated tourism within both the PA and its transition areas (Lindberg and Aylward 1999, Kerkvliet and Nowell , 200). PAs managers are typically governmental staff but can be NGOs or community-based organizations or their members. Managers generally seek to maximize proprietary income from user fees that can directly support the operating costs of PA management. Managers need to ensure that user fee mechanisms and associated services, such as lodging accommodations within a PA, are consistent with and supportive of the overall conservation objectives of the PA. Where profit is defined as the difference between revenue from entrance fees and the sum of expenditures on recreation investiments and defensive expenditure for ensuring the preservation of its natural and cultural heritage. This paper presents a optimal model of management of the PAs for thinking about the optimal provision of services in the PAs and optimal environmental defensive expenditure. The main result is that, for reasonable parameters values, the optimal solution exhibits a cyclical behavior. PA manager invests in order to increase the number of visitors, such increment damages the environmental resource, with consequent decrease of the visitors and a consequent increment of effort in order to defend the stock aggregated resource. The defensive action leads to an increment of the resource stock and resumes the icrement of the visitors. An optimal politic of management of the PA leads to a cyclical behavior of the number of the visitors, while a lot often the managers try to reduce the variations of the number of visitors and to maintain a trend of constant increase, for revenue generation and increase opportunities for local businesses and employees. The problem is formuled with two state variables:

In search of the management model of the nature reserve as a sustainable tourist destination

Revista Amazonia Investiga

The demand for tourism and recreation in natural landscapes is steadily growing and the offers of tours are outstripping the solution of problems and issues related to the management of such destinations. The practice of using natural reserves as tourist destinations sets the task of conscious reconciliation of nature conservation and tourism functions. In foreign practice, this task is traditionally solved for such forms as national parks. In Russia, along with national parks, nature reserves are increasingly becoming a common and accessible form for recreation, and it is in their territories that we most often observe a conflict of nature management. On the one hand, nature reserves are very attractive for recreation and tourism, since there is practically no protection regime for their valuable natural complexes. On the other hand, its function as a natural reserve is incompatible with anthropogenic impact from recreation activity. The study of recreation and tourist flows carrie...

A note on optimal tourism control

2018

This note will present a diagram which can be used when discussing tourism carrying capacity. It borrows from the theory of optimal pollution control, found in most Environmental Economics textbooks. The diagram presented here relates to the need to take account of income foregone as a result of a reduction in tourism inflows, juxtaposed against the environmental damage and social discomfort that can result from excessive amount of tourism business.peer-reviewe

The possibilities for development of tourism in Natural Parks

Protected areas can represent a strategic laboratory for the realisation of initiatives capable of promoting sustainable economic development models at a local level. One of the duties of national parks is to provide value and promote, even for tourism purposes, natural, historical and cultural resources subject to restrictions in the territory. This contribution describes the research process activated for the definition of a tourism development strategy in the youngest Italian national parks, the Appennino Lucano Val d'Agri Lagonegrese located in Basilicata. This is a protected area which has not yet been developed from a tourism point of view and it has an "eclectic" naturalist value characterised by flora on one hand and significant fauna on the other, as well as a subsoil rich in hydrocarbons (the largest deposit on continental Europe). In light of this typicality for the area, research favoured a participative type qualitative-quantitative approach, involving both local stakeholders, for exploration of the area's potential and definition of possible tourism development scenarios, and actual or potential users interested in the area, for assessment of the proposed alternatives. The information and data collected allowed, on one hand, the identification of major critical areas which currently make tourism in the area an activity that is still economically marginal with respect to the local structured economic system, and on the other hand, identification of some themes around which to build a competitive tourism product in line with market demands in observance of sustainability. Through a contingent assessment exercise it was possible to understand what the preferences are with respect to different hypotheses of the tourism offer in the area for current and potential tourists involved in the survey and, at the same time, to identify some elements to examine in order to improve attractiveness.

Tourism, Outdoor Recreation and the Natural Environment (Chapter 10 in Economics of Environmental Conservation 2nd Edn)

Tourism based on natural resources including living resources can be a powerful force favouring conservation. For example, the World Conservation Strategy document (IUCN-UNEP-WWF, 1980) states that developing countries can earn income and foreign exchange by conserving their unique living and natural resources and by developing international tourism based on these, and this is an incentive for their conservation. Economic gains from tourism based on natural resources can provide a powerful incentive for conservation but unless there is co-ordinated planning by governments towards this end, conservation may not be translated into practice. Furthermore, in some cases, inadequately controlled tourism can destroy natural assets on which tourism relies and crowding from tourism may reduce the total benefits from it. Let us consider this issue, the possibility that tourism development can lead to inadequate variety in tourism environments, the existence of tourism-area cycles in tourism development, conflicts about use of land for tourism, and pollution and tourism.

Sustainable management of an alpine national park: handling the two-edged effect of tourism

Central European Journal of Operations Research, 2009

Attracting visitors to an alpine national park can open up additional sources of funding for species conservation. However, tourism also brings ecologically negative impacts to the park and, in particular, to endangered species. In this paper, we discuss the handling of this two-edged effect of nature-based tourism within the context of a national park's management decision. We develop a stylized model which frames the interaction of a representative unknown species, its habitat, and park visitors in an alpine ecosystem. In applying this to the protection of a rock partridge population in the National Park Hohe Tauern (Austria), we illustrate that a combined visitor and species protection policy can maximize steady state net benefits from tourism and conservation, while ensuring that the endangered species reaches its conservation target in the long run. Thus, even for a small, unknown species such as the rock partridge, and not only for popular species like the golden eagle, it is possible to endogenously generate a conservation budget by attracting visitors.

Closed Form Solution for Dynamics of Sustainable Tourism

The attention to environmental conditions of the planet drives many scientists to study and to analyze the externalities of the economic activities and their relapses on nature. The issue is quite complex because of the non-linear in- teractions between human and natural phenomena. Our intention is to study the particular case of tourist activities. Starting from the specication of the concept of sustainable development, using a simple model we characterize the conditions for which there exists an optimal equilibrium between nature and tourism. Then, trough several simulations we study which policies are able to guarantee the better synergies between economy and environmental quality.