A historical overview of education and social change in Spiti Valley in India (original) (raw)
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The contemporary history of India is still echoing to its colonial past in many aspects. The policy influence frame from the British Raj (1858-1947), was inapropriate for a 'patchworked'country as India. A large number of British and Europeans (french, english, portughese, dutch) stayed in India during this period which also brought significant territorial transformations and a long-drawn interaction between two distinct cultures. Since India became independent in 1947 this country-continent took many initiatives to come out from the "third world country" status, and succeed to be part of the "emerging countries" group toward "developing countries". The globalization of economy in the 90s was a first step to bring closer countries at all levels: economic and politic (in terms of sustainable development). The emergence of an international consensus, that identified the focus on urban policies as a necessary step for the evolution of countries, generate a functional interdependance between countries and supratnational organisations as United Nations, European Union. The EU-India relationship was reinforced in the last two years (2015-2017), since Narendra Modi started its 'urbanisation compaign' in the sub-continent; the Joint Declaration between the European Union and the Republic of India on a partnership for smart and sustainable urbanisation signed in New Delhi on the 6th of October 2017 indicates a further involvement of India in the global frame of our multinational society. EU invested 50 bilion euros in India, 5300 indian students received Erasmus Scholarship, 1300 grants were given in the last three years with Erasmus +. 1800 Indian reserchers received Marie Sktodowska -Curie Scholarships (MSCA), thanks to the EU-India Joint Declaration on education of 2008. In 2017, EU report gave an estimation of 50 000 indian students that are studiyng in 4000 universities across UE. In such a complicate and "melting pot" frame as the Indian one, we must consider all these particularities linked to every single state, that we will focus on: there is still a huge gap between education in urban and rural zones.