Абрамзон М.Г., Новичихин А.М., Сапрыкина И.А., Смекалова Т.Н. 2021. Жалование гарнизона наемников эпохи Митридатовых войн: Фонталовский клад (IGCH 1143) // МАИЭТ XXVI, 411-423. (original) (raw)
Related papers
2021
The book is a publication of a significant hoard of the first century BC Bosporan billon didrachmas discovered in the village of Fontalovskaya, the Krasnodar Territory, in 1963 (IGCH 1143 = CH XI 137). This unique homogeneous assemblage contains exclusively coins of the senior silver denomination of the Bosporan coin system of the Mithridatic period. Despite the fact that the didrachms bear the names of Panticapaeum, Phanagoria, and Gorgippia, they were all struck at the mint of Panticapaeum, partly from common obverse dies. Since the alloy of Bosporan silver coins of this time has not been practically analyzed until now, the XRF analysis of 480 didrachms opens up broad prospects for studying the metallurgy of silver coinage and the sources of the metal, as well as the economy and currency of the Bosporus under Mithradates VI. The study of the coinage of didrachms in the light of the archaeological and historical context allows authors to believe this coinage was associated with the First Mithradatic War (89–85 BC) and it was intended to pay the Mithradates VI’s mercenaries.
There is in the book examining the relations of the Russian garrison of “military men” in Nizhyn with the local Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers and clergy in the 2nd half of the XVII-early XVIII centuries, as well as its internal situation during this period. The first chapter covers the background of the entering of the garrison in the Nizhyn castle (“upper earthen city”) — the Russian-Ukrainian negotiations on this issue in 1653–1658, and contacts between Cossacks officers of the Nizhyn Regiment, Nizhyn burghers, local clergy with the command of the Russian army at the final stage of the conflict between Moscow and the Zaporizhian Host led by Hetman Ivan Vygovsky (spring-summer 1659), as well as the circumstances of the entering of the garrison into the castle. In the second chapter, the features of recruitment and the dynamics of the number of the Nizhyn garrison are considered, the population of the city as a whole and the share of “military people” in it are estimated. The study also focused on the demographic characteristics of the garrison and the establishment of family ties with the local population. In addition, the place that the Nizhyn garrison occupied in the city space was determined. The third chapter is devoted to the participation of the garrison in military operations in the period of the Russian-Polish war of 1654– 1667, with the Crimean Tatars in 1666–1668, as well as in the conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks during the uprising on the Left Bank of Ukraine against the Russian tsar in 1668. Chapter IV focuses on the court: the joint consideration by the voivode, local Cossack and burgher authorities of conflicts of servitors of the garrison with the Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks; the participation of the voivodes in the investigation and trial of cases of state crimes against Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers and clergy; abuses of the power of the Nizhyn voivodes, as well as the investigation of such court cases; the judicial and police powers of the Nizhyn voivode in relation to employees of the garrison and people from Muscovy. The fifth chapter covers the relationship between the garrison and the locals in the economic sphere. First of all, it examines providing the Nizhyn garrison at the expense of taxes from the Nizhyn burghers and peasants of the city district in 1663–1668. When, after the uprising of the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of I. M. Bryukhovetsky, Moscow was forced to abandon taxation in favor of Russian garrisons, it had to look for other sources of income for the voivode’s treasury. In Nizhyn, the most important source of revenue was the “drinking profit” (“piteynaya pribyl’”), therefore, in a separate paragraph of the chapter, an analysis of the role of income received from the Nizhyn castle tavern in 1672–1708 in the structure of income and expenses of the voivode’s administration is presented. After that, there is the chapter also analyzing other economic relations of the Nizhyn garrison and the voivodes with Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks. The sixth chapter describes the relations of the Nizhyn garrison with the clergy, including the ruzhnoye (i. e. ones who received salaries) clergy of the Epiphany Castle Church, with the Nizhyn protopop Simeon Adamovych, with the Locum Tenens of the Metropolitan of Kiev, Methodius Filimonovych, and other Ukrainian clergy. The seventh chapter is devoted to the conditions of service and relations within the Nizhyn garrison. Among other things, there is considered the process of the appointment to the voivodes’ service took place, what privileges the Nizhyn voivodes received for their service, and whether they received regular monetary remuneration. The chapter also covers the problems of recruitment and remuneration for the service of employees of the Nizhyn s’yezzhaya (later — prikaznaya) izba (voivode’s office) and officer personnel of the garrison. Special attention is paid to the payment of salaries and official duties of servitors, as well as their struggle for their rights, including during the mutiny against the voivode in 1682. In the last, eighth, chapter, the everyday life of the Nizhyn garrison is considered both in peacetime and in wartime. The features of the casual life of streltsy in a period of war are shown by the example of those that took place during the siege of the Nizhyn castle in 1668.
Non-combatants in the military law of the Hundred years’ war , 2018
This article considers the way in which carried out protection of the civilian population in period of the Hundred Years' War, by means of the law, as well as peculiarities of representation of the civilian population in legal sources. The authors used historical-comparative and historical-legal methods. The analysis showed that the concept of "non-combatants" is historiographical. In the sources, there is no single name for non-combatants as opposed to soldiers, for which there is a single concept – gens de guerre (people of war). The sources mention only certain categories of the population: clerics, pilgrims, students, wounded soldiers, etc. The mention of non-combatants in legal sources is usually related to their protection. The hypothesis of this study is that the emergence of certain categories of non-combatants in legal sources had a precedent character. It is important to note that in the ordinances considered, the articles for crimes against the civilian population are placed immediately after the articles for crimes against the Royal person, which reflects the high importance of the protection of non-combatants for the Royal power. It is established that the most frequent articles concern the following crimes against civilians: murder, capture, looting of the Church, rape of women, burning of property. The most common punishment in ordinances is death. However, in relation to crimes against children and peasants, the penalties are milder and limited to the loss of property. This confirms the thesis that non-combatants were not perceived as a single social group-the civilian population, but were divided into separate categories of the population. Therefore, the standards of protection and punishment of crimes against different categories of the population are also vary.
Література та культура Полісся., 2018
The garrison of the Russian «military people» of Nizhyn in February 1668, after the start of the revolt under the leadership of Hetman I.M. Briukhovetsky came under siege in the "upper earthen city" (the castle), while the «big city» remained in the hands of the insurgent Cossacks and townspeople. This siege was the longest in the second half of the XVII century for the Russian garrison –it lasted more than 10 months, so the besieged people needed to mobilize sufficient material and human resources to withstand it. During the siege, the way of life of the garrison changed significantly: trade with the Nizhyn townspeople was interrupted, Nizhyn artisans stopped making products on the order of the voivode, the dietary diversity became not sufficient – there was not enough meat and vegetables, wounds, illness and death became part of everyday life. Moreover, the garrison throughout the siege had no a shortage of grain, and in September 1668 its reserves were replenished. The situation was more complicated with salt: in order to avoid its shortage in the households of the besieged people, the voivode had to increase the salt salary. It was urgent need under the siege to provide the medical care to the Strelstsy: they are not only injured during attacks and fending of attacks, but suffered from scurvy and hemeralopia due to a lack of a dietary diversity. This problem was solved due to the fact that the side of the besieged passed "tsyriulik" Stefan Komyshevich. During the siege have also changed the way of life of the Streltsy wives and widows – they participated in excavations and get a salary to offset the remuneration of their husbands. Despite the hardships of the siege life, the besieged people found time for rest and entertainment: continued to take place the wedding ceremony, decreased, but did not stop at all, the use of alcoholic beverages.
2024
Карашайски К.М. Эйлив Торгильссон и венды-наемники в византийской армии во второй половине 1020-х гг. // Античная древность и средние века. – 2024. – Т. 52. – С. 196–206. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2024.52.011 Karashayski K.M. Eilif Thorgilsson and the Mercenary Wends in the Byzantine Army in the Second Half of the 1020s // Antichnaya drevnost’ i srednie veka. – 2024. – Vol. 52. – P. 196–206. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2024.52.011 This article attempts to define the ethnic background of the mercenary troop of certain “Vandals,” who, according to the Annales Barenses, were a part of the Byzantine army under the command of Orestes who acted in Southern Italy in the second half of the 1020s. The chronology of sources suggests the identification of these “Vandals” as Wends, or Polabian Slavs. The author assumes that this troop probably originated from the Obodritic tribal union, which established close military and political ties with Denmark. Wends were active in piracy and robbery on the Baltic Sea, they participated in the military campaigns of the Danish kings. It is therefore likely that an Obodritic troop joined a group of Danish adventurers, who travelled to the Byzantine Empire to became mercenaries. According to the article’s author, their leader was Danish warlord Eilif Thorgilsson, one of the leaders of the Jomsvikings. In August 1009, Eilif invaded Southern England, in 1013–1014, he led one of the Danish mercenary troops (þingamannalið) in London. In 1017–1020, he was titled ealdorman, and in 1021, he plundered south-western Wales. Ca 1025, Eilif and his brother, Jarl Ulf Thorgilsson, together with the Swedes and Norwegians, opposed Konung Cnut and defeated him in the battle of the “Holy River.” When the Thorgilsson brothers reconciled with Konung Cnut, Eilif probably gone to Wendland and then to Byzantium. The author has suggested to date Jarl Eilif Thorgilsson’s journey to Byzantium to 1025–1028.