Long-term results of a soft interface- (Proplast-) coated femoral stem (original) (raw)

Abstract

the polyethylene used in acetabular components are known to affect the rate of wear 11. Since air sterilisation of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene acetabular liners is associated with substantial oxidation and radical formation causing early degradation of the material, sterilisation in a low oxygen environment (inert gas) became the method of choice in the late 1990s 12,13. 2. Stress shielding Another problem in uncemented total hip arthroplasty is stress shielding, which is the term used for diffuse loss of bone mass of the periprosthetic bone. This is caused by the fact that the mechanical load is partly taken over by the implant 14. Stress shielding is a predominant cause of bone loss in patient treated with stiff (high modulus), press-fit acetabular and femoral components 15,16. In contrast, cemented components show a significantly lower bone mineral density loss than uncemented components, due to the fundamental difference in load transfer 17. Retrieval and animal studies have indicated that bone remodeling is related to the ratio of the stem stiffness to femoral stiffnes: The stiffer the stem in relation to the femur is, the less stress is carried by the femur, and the greater the subsequent bone loss 18. In the early 1970s, a soft-interface coating of a composite of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reinforced with carbon fibre or aluminium oxide was introduced as Proplast. Proplast was considered to exhibit extraordinary chemical and thermal resistance, permitting fusion to metallic implants 19. As the elasticity of Proplast matches that of the surrounding cancellous bone, it was expected to have the advantage of a more natural tranfer of stress, causing less stress shielding and aseptic loosening 20. Despite the possible theoretical benefits, mid-term clinical results on uncemented femoral components with a Proplast coating were not favorable 20-23. Because of these reports, the low modulus system was considered to be a failure and was abandoned in the mid-1990s. 3. Early Component Fixation Inferior primary fixation of the components in total hip arthroplasty can lead to a higher probability of aseptic loosening on the long term 24. As the interface between the component and the surrounding bone becomes a continuous compartment filled with synovial fluid (the "virtual joint space"), micromotion of the component can result in high fluid pressures and the distal migration of wear particles 25. In the late 1980s, hydroxyapatite was applied on the implant surface in uncemented total hip arthroplasty in an effort to enhance prosthesis to bone fixation, and thus seal this virtual joint space. Hydroxyapatite is highly biocompatible and has an osteoconductive potential enhancing early fixation and stability 26. Hydroxyapatite is the 14 Questions addressed in this thesis are: 1. What is the clinical and radiological outcome of proximally hydroxyapatite coated uncemented femoral stems after a short to mid-term follow-up? 2. Is there a clinical and radiological benefit of hydroxyapatite coating on porous coated stems in uncemented primary total hip arthroplasty? 3. What is the long-term clinical and radiological outcome of low modulus Proplast coated uncemented femoral stems and when is revision indicated? 4. What is the clinical and radiological outcome of porous coated cobalt chrome high modulus femoral stems, used both as an uncemented and a cemented stem in hemiarthroplasty after a short follow-up? 5. What is the way to diagnose and, if observed, how to treat and monitor silent osteolysis associated with an uncemented acetabular component? 6. Is there an association with implantation time and position of the component and the rate of wear in metal backed uncemented acetabular components? 7. Are argon-sterilised polyethylene liners less susceptible to wear than air-sterilised liners in vivo during a mid-term follow-up? 8. Do patients have an improved clinical outcome, when treated with a posterolateral or anterolateral mini incision, compared with both the classical incisions during a short-term follow-up?

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (318)

  1. Wiles P. The surgery of the osteoarthritic hip. Br J Surg 1958;45-193:488-97.
  2. Charnley J. Arthroplasty of the hip. A new operation. Lancet 1961;1-7187:1129-32.
  3. Mäkelä K, Eskelinen A, Pulkkinen P, Paavolainen P, Remes V. Cemented total hip replacement for primary osteoarthritis in patients aged 55 years or older: results of the 12 most common cemented implants followed for 25 years in the Finnish Arthroplasty Register. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:1562-9.
  4. Barrack RL, Mulroy RD, Harris WH Improved cementing techniques and femoral component loosening in young patients with hip arthroplasty. A 12-year radiographic review. J Bone Joint Surg 1992;74A:385-9.
  5. Jones LC, Hungerford DS. Cement disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987;225:192-206.
  6. McBeath AA, Foltz RN. Femoral component loosening after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996;329S:67-70.
  7. Heekin RD, Callaghan JJ, Hopkinson WJ, Savory CG, Xenos JS (1993) The porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis, inserted without cement. Results after five to seven years in a prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg 75A:77-91.
  8. Schmalzried TP, Callaghan JJ. Wear in total hip and knee replacements. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1999;81:115-36.
  9. Athanasou NA, Quinn J, Bulstrode CJ. Resorption of bone by inflammatroy cells derived from the joint capsule of hip arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg [B] 1992;74:57-62.
  10. Schmalzried TP, Szuszczewicz ES, Northfield MR, Akizuki KH, Frankel RE, Belcher G, Amstutz HC. Quantitative assessment of walking activity after total hip or knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1998;80:54-9.
  11. Kurtz SM, Muratoglu OK, Evans M, Edidin AA. Advances in the processing, sterilization , and crosslinking of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene for total joint arthroplasty. Biomaterials 1999;20:1659-88.
  12. Faris PM, Ritter MA, Pierce AL, Davis KE, Faris GW (2006). Polyethylene sterilization and production affects wear in total hip arthroplasties. Clin Orthop 453:305-308.
  13. Premnath V, Harris WH, Jasty M, Merril EW (1996). Gamma sterilization of UHMWPE articular implants: an analysis of the oxidation problem. Biomaterials 17:1741-53.
  14. Oh I, Harris WH, Proximal strain distribution in the loaded femur. An in vitro comparison of the distributions in the intact femur and after insertion of different hip-replacement femoral components. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1978;60:75-85.
  15. Mueller LA, Voelk M, Kress A, Pitto RP, Schmidt R. Progressive cancelous and cortical bone remodeling after press-fit cup fixation: a 3 year follow-up. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;463:213-20.
  16. Huiskes R, Weinans H, van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around Total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992;274:124-34.
  17. Mueller LA, Schmidt R, Ehrmann C, Nowak TE, Kress A, Forst R, Pfander D. Modes of periacetabular load transfer to cortical and cancellous bone after cemented versus uncemented total hip arthroplasty: a prospective study using computed tomography- assisted osteodensitometry. J Orthop Res 2009;27:176-82.
  18. Homsy CA, Cain TE, Kessler FB, Anderson MS, Kessler FB Anderson MS. Porous implant systems for prosthesis stabilization. Clin Orthop 1972;89:220-35.
  19. Sychterz CJ, Topoleski LD, Sacco M, Engh CA Sr. Effect of femoral stiffness on bone remodeling after uncemented arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;389:218-27.
  20. Sadr B, Arden GP. A comparison of the stability of Proplast-coated and cemented Thompson prostheses in the treatment of subcapital femoral fractures. Injury 1977;8:234-7.
  21. Bryan WJ, McCaskill BL, Tullos HS. Hip endoprosthesis stabulization with a porous low modulus stem coating. Factors influencing stabilization. Clin Orthop 1981;157:125-32.
  22. Tullos HS, McCaskill BL, Dickey R, Davidson J: Total hip arthroplasty with a low-modulus porous-coated femoral component. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66A:888-98.
  23. Maathuis PGM, Visser JD. High failure rate of soft-interface stem coating for fixation of femoral endoprostheses. J. Arthroplasty 1996;11:548-52.
  24. Karrholm J, Herberts P, Hultmark P, Malchau H, Nivbrant B, Thanner J. Radiostereometry of hip prostheses. Review of methodology and clinical results. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;344:94-110.
  25. Van der Vis HM, Aspenberg P, Tigchelaar W, Van Noorden CJ. Mechanical compression of a fibrous membrane surrounding bone causes bone resorption. Acta Histochem 1999;101:203.12.
  26. Geesink RG, De Groot K, Klein CP (1987) Chemical implant fixation using hydroxyl-apatite coatings. The development of a human total hip prosthesis for chemical fixation to bone using hydroxyl-apatite coatings on titanium substrates.Clin Orthop 225:147-70.
  27. Khalily C, Lester DK. Results of a tapered cementless femoral stem implanted in varus. J Arthroplasy 2002;17:463-66.
  28. Van Blitterswijk CA, van Grote JJ, Kuypers W, Blok-van Hoek CJG, Daems WT. Biointerac- tions at the tissue/hydroxyapatite interface. Biomaterials 1985;43:243-51.
  29. Bauer TW, Geesink RC, Zimmerman R, McMahon JT. Hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems. Histological analysis of components retrived at autopsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991;73:1439-52.
  30. Capello WN. Hydroxyapatite in total hip arthroplasty: Five-year clinical experience. Orthopedics 1994;17:791-2.
  31. D'Antonio JA. Remodeling of bone around hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1996;78:1226-34.
  32. Capello WN, D'Antonio JA. Hydroxyapatite-coated total hip femoral components in patients less than fifty years old. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1997;79:1023-9.
  33. Araujo CG, Gonzalez JF, Tonino A. Rheumatoid arthritis and hydroxyapatite-coated hip prostheses. Five-year results, J Arthroplasty 1998;13:660-7.
  34. Rokkum M, Reigstad A. Total hip replacement with an entirely hydroxyapatite-coated prosthesis. 5 years follow-up of 94 consecutive hips. J Arthroplasty 1999;14:689-700.
  35. Tonino AJ, Rahmy AI. The hydroxyapatite-ABG hip system. 5-to 7-year results from an international multicentre study. J Arthroplasty 2000;15:274-81.
  36. McNally SA, Shepperd JAN, Mann CV, Walczak JP. The results at nine to twelve years of the use of a hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stem. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2000;82:378-82.
  37. Capello WN, D'Antonio JA, Feinberg JR, Manley MT. Hydroxyapatite coated stems in younger and older patients with hip arthritis. Clin Orthop 2002;405:92-100.
  38. D'Antonio JA, Capello WN, Manley MT, Geesink R. Hydroxyapatite femoral stems for total hip arthroplasty: 10-13-year follow up. Clin Orthop 2001;393:101-11.
  39. Geesink RG. Osteoconductive coatings for total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 2002;395:53- 65.
  40. Hernandez Cortes P, Najeraa Sagastume OO, Mesa Ramos F, Pajares Lopez M, Hernandez Hernandez MA. Hydroxyapatite-coated stems with metaphyseal and diaphyseal press-fit.
  41. Eleven-year follow-up results. Acta Orthop Belg 2002;68:24-32.
  42. Skinner JA, Kroon PO, Todo S, Scott G. A femoral component with proximal HA coating. An analysis of survival and fixation at up to ten years. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2003 Apr;85:366-70.
  43. Capello WN, D'Antonio JA, Feinberg JR, Manley MT.Ten-year results with hydroxyapatite- coated total hip femoral compnents in patients less than fifty years old. A concise follow up of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2003;85:885-9.
  44. Theis JC, Ball C. Medium-results of cementless hydroxyapatite-coated primary total hip arthroplasty: A clinical and radiological review. J Orthop Surg 2003;11:159-65.
  45. Reikerås O, Gunderson RB. Excellent results of HA coating on a grit-blasted stem: 245 patients followed for 8-12 years. Acta Orthop Scand 2003;74:140-5.
  46. Oosterbos CJM, Rahmy AIA, Tonino AJ, Witpeerd W. High survival rate of hydroxyapatite- coated hip prosthesis. 100 consecutive hip followed for 10 years. Acta Orhop Scand 2004;75:127-33.
  47. Coathup MJ, Blunn GW, Flynn N, Williams C, Thomas NP. A comparison of bone remodelling around hudroxyapatite-coated, porous-coated and grit-blasted hip replacements retrieved at post-mortem. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2001;83:118-23.
  48. McPherson EJ, Dorr LD, Gruen TA, Saberi TM (1995) Hydroxyapatite-coated proximal ingrowth femoral stems. A matched pair control study. Clin Orthop 223-30.
  49. Scott DF, Jaffe WL. Host-bone response to porous-coated cobalt-chrome and hydroxyap- atite-coated titanium femoral components in hip arthroplasty. Dual-enery X-ray absorpti- ometry analysis of paired bilateral cases at 5 to 7 years (1996) J Arthroplasty 11:429-37.
  50. Sanchez-Sotelo J, Lewallen DG, Harmsen WS, Harrington J, Cabanela ME (2004) Comparison of wear and osteolysis in hip replacement using two different coatings of the femoral stem. Int Orthop 28:206-10.
  51. Parvizi J, Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Orzoco F, Bissett GA, Rothman RH (2004) Prospective matched-pair analysis of hydroxyapatite-coated and uncoated femoral stems in total hip arthroplasty. A concise follow-up of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 86:783-6.
  52. Søballe K, Toksvig-Larsen S, Gelineck J, Frensgaard S, Hansen ES, Ryd L, Lucht R, Bünger C (1993) A roentgen stereophotogrammetric study [migration of hydroxyapatite coated femoral prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 75:681-7.
  53. Incavo SJ, Schneider R, Elting J (1998) The effect of surface coating of femoral prostheses implanted without cement: a 2-to 4-year follow-up study. Am J Orthop 27:355-61.
  54. Yee AJM, Kreder HK, Bookman I, Davey JR (1999) A randomized trial of hydroxyapatite coated prostheses in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 366:120-32.
  55. Hamadouche W, Witvoet J, Porcher R, Meunier A, Sedel L, Nizard R (2001) Hydroxyapatite- coated versus grit-blasted femoral stems. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 83:979-87.
  56. Rasquina VJ, Ranawat CS, Mauriello AJ (2002) Hydroxyapatite. Catalyst or conjuror? J Arthroplasty 17:113-7.
  57. Kim YH, Kim JS, Oh SH, Kim JM (2003) Comparison of porous-coated titanium femoral stems with and without hydroxyapatite coating. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 85;1882-8.
  58. Tanzer M, Gollish J, Leighton R, Orrell K, Giacchinao A, Welsh P, Shea B, Wells G (2004) The effect of adjuvant calcium phosphate coating on a porous-coated femoral stem. Clin Orthop 424:153-60.
  59. Yoon KS, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kang SB, Seong NH, Koo KH (2007) A randomized clinical trial of cementless femoral stems with and without hydroxyapatite/tricalcium-phostphate coating. J Arthroplasty 22:504-8.
  60. Hartzband MA. Posterolateral minimal incision for total hip replacement: technique and early resuts. Orthop Clin North Am 2004;35:119.
  61. Berger RA. Total hip arthroplasty using the minimally invasive two-incision approach. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003;417:232-41.
  62. Michel MC, Witschger P. MicroHip: a minimally invasive procedure for total hip replacement surgery using a modified Smith-Peterson approach. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 2007;9:46-51.
  63. Howell JR, Garbuz DS, Duncan CP. Minimally invasive hip replacement: Rationale, applied anatomy and instrumentation. Orthop Clin North Am 2004;35:107.
  64. Woolson ST, Mow CS, Syquia JF, Lannin JW, Schurman DJ. Comparison of primary total hip replacements performed with a standard incision or a mini-incision. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:1353-8.
  65. Sculco TP. Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. In the affirmative. J Arthroplasty. 2004 Jun;19(4 Suppl 1):78-80. Review.
  66. Nakamura S, Matsuda K, Arai N, Wakimoto N, Matsushita T Mini-incision posterior approach for total hip arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2004 Aug;28(4):214-7.
  67. Chimento GF, Pavone V, Sharrock N, Kahn B, Cahill J, Sculco TP. Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study. J Arthroplasty 2005;20:139-44.
  68. Ogonda L, Wilson R, Archbold P, Lawlor M, Humphreys P, O'Brien S, Beverland D. A minimal-incision technique in total hip arthroplasty does not improve early postoperative outcomes. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:701- 10.
  69. Kim YH. Comparison of primary total hip arthroplasties performed with a minimally invasive technique or a standard technique. A prospective and radomized study. J Arthroplasty 2006;21:1092-8.
  70. Dorr LD, Maheshwari AV, Long WT, Wan Z, Sirianni LE. Early pain relief and function after posterior minimally invasive and conventional total hip arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized, blinded study. JBJS[Am] 2007;89:1153-60.
  71. Capello WN. Hydroxyapatite in total hip arthroplasty: Five-year clinical experience. Orthopedics 1994;17:791-2.
  72. D'Antonio JA. Remodeling of bone around hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1996;78:1226-34.
  73. Capello WN, D'Antonio JA. Hydroxyapatite-coated total hip femoral components in patients less than fifty years old. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1997;79:1023-9.
  74. Araujo CG, Gonzalez JF, Tonino A. Rheumatoid arthritis and hydroxyapatite-coated hip prostheses. Five-year results, J Arthroplasty 1998;13:660-7.
  75. Rokkum M, Reigstad A. Total hip replacement with an entirely hydroxyapatite-coated prosthesis. 5 years follow-up of 94 consecutive hips. J Arthroplasty 1999;14:689-700.
  76. Tonino AJ, Rahmy AI. The hydroxyapatite-ABG hip system. 5-to 7-year results from an international multicentre study. J Arthroplasty 2000;15:274-81.
  77. McNally SA, Shepperd JAN, Mann CV, Walczak JP. The results at nine to twelve years of the use of a hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stem. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2000;82:378-82.
  78. Capello WN, D'Antonio JA, Feinberg JR, Manley MT. Hydroxyapatite coated stems in younger and older patients with hip arthritis. Clin Orthop 2002;405:92-100.
  79. D'Antonio JA, Capello WN, Manley MT, Geesink R. Hydroxyapatite femoral stems for total hip arthroplasty: 10-13-year follow up. Clin Orthop 2001;393:101-11.
  80. Geesink RG. Osteoconductive coatings for total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 2002;395:53-65.
  81. Hernandez Cortes P, Najeraa Sagastume OO, Mesa Ramos F, Pajares Lopez M, Hernandez Hernandez MA. Hydroxyapatite-coated stems with metaphyseal and diaphyseal press-fit.
  82. Eleven-year follow-up results. Acta Orthop Belg 2002;68:24-32.
  83. Skinner JA, Kroon PO, Todo S, Scott G. A femoral component with proximal HA coating. An analysis of survival and fixation at up to ten years. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2003 Apr;85:366- 70.
  84. Capello WN, D'Antonio JA, Feinberg JR, Manley MT.Ten-year results with hydroxyapatite- coated total hip femoral compnents in patients less than fifty years old. A concise follow up of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2003;85:885-9.
  85. Theis JC, Ball C. Medium-results of cementless hydroxyapatite-coated primary total hip arthroplasty: A clinical and radiological review. J Orthop Surg 2003;11:159-65.
  86. Reikerås O, Gunderson RB. Excellent results of HA coating on a grit-blasted stem: 245 patients followed for 8-12 years. Acta Orthop Scand 2003;74:140-5.
  87. Oosterbos CJM, Rahmy AIA, Tonino AJ, Witpeerd W. High survival rate of hydroxyapatite- coated hip prosthesis. 100 consecutive hip followed for 10 years. Acta Orhop Scand 2004;75:127-33.
  88. Meding JB, Keating EM, Ritter MA, Faris PM, Berend ME. Minimum ten-year follow up of a straight-stemmed, plasma-sprayed, titanium-alloy, uncemented femoral component in primary total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2004;86:92-97.
  89. Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: Treatment by mold arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1969;51:737-55.
  90. Gruen TA, McNeice GM, Amstutz HC. "Modes of failure" of cemented stem-type femoral components, a radiographic analysis of loosening. Clin Orthop 1979;141:17-27. Excellent results of proximally HA-coated femoral stems after minimum 6 years follow-up. Prospective evaluation of 100 patients 20. Brooker AF, Bowermann JW, Robinson RA, Riley LH. Ectopic ossification following total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1973;55;1929-32.
  91. Engh CA, Massin P, Suthers KE. Roentgenographic assessment of the biologic fixation of porous-surfaced femoral components. Clin Orthop 1990;257:107-27.
  92. Engh CA, Bobyn JD, Glassman AH. Porous-coated hip replacement; the factors governing bone ingrowth, stress shielding and clinical results. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1987;69:45-55.
  93. Woolson ST, Hartford JM, Sawyer A. Results of a method of Leg-Lengt equalization for patients undergoing primary total hip replacement. J Arthroplasty 1999;14:159-64.
  94. Khalily C, Lester DK. Results of a tapered cementless femoral stem implanted in varus. J Arthroplasy 2002;17:463-66.
  95. Van Blitterswijk CA, van Grote JJ, Kuypers W, Blok-van Hoek CJG, Daems WT. Biointerac- tions at the tissue/hydroxyapatite interface. Biomaterials 1985;43:243-51.
  96. Bauer TW, Geesink RC, Zimmerman R, McMahon JT. Hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems. Histological analysis of components retrived at autopsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991;73:1439-52.
  97. Coathup MJ, Blunn GW, Flynn N, Williams C, Thomas NP. A comparison of bone remodelling around hudroxyapatite-coated, porous-coated and grit-blasted hip replacements retrieved at post-mortem. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2001;83:118-23.
  98. Søballe K, Toksvig-Larsen S, Gelineck J, Fruensgaard S, Hansen ES Ryd L, Lucht U, Bünger C. Migration of hydroxyapatite-coated femoral prosteses. A roentgen-stereophotogram- matic study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1993;75:681-87.
  99. Donnelli WJ, Kobayashi A, Freeman MA. Radiological and survival comparison of four methods of fixation of a proximal femoral stem. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1997;79:351-60.
  100. McPherson EJ, Dorr LD, Gruen TA, Saberi MT. Hydroxyapatite-coated proximal ingrowth femoral stems: A matched pair control study. Clin Orthop 1995;315:223-30.
  101. Scott DF, Jaffe WL. Host-bone response to porous-coated cobalt-chrome and hydroxyapatite- coated titanium femoral compnents in hip arthroplasty: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry analysis of paired bilateral cases. J Arthroplasty 1996;11:429-37.
  102. Rothman RH, Hozack WJ, Ranawat A, Moriarty L. Hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems: A matched pair analysis of coated an uncoated implants. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1996;78:319- 24.
  103. Dorr LD, Wan Z, Song M, Ranawat A. Bilateral total hip arthroplasty comparing hydroxyapatite to porous-coated fixation. J Arthroplasty 1998;13:72-36.6
  104. Yee AJ, Kreder HK, Bookman I, Davey JR. A randomized trial of hydroxyapatite-coated prostheses in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1999;366:120-32.
  105. Sharp RJ, O'Leary ST, Falworth M. Analysis of the results of the C-Fit uncemented total hip arthroplasty in young patients. J Arthroplasty 2000;15:627-34.
  106. Kim YH, Kim JS, Oh SH, Kim JM. Comparison of porous-coated titanium femoral stems with and without hydroxyapatite coating. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2003;85:1682-88.
  107. Loudon JR. Femoral prosthetic subsidence after low-friction arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1986;211:134-39.
  108. Morscher EW, Dick W. Cementless fixation of "isoelastic" hip endoprosthesis manufactured from plastic materials. Clin Orthop 1983;176:77-87.
  109. Huiskes R. The various stress patterns of press-fit, ingrown, and cemented femoral stems. Clin Orthop. 1990;261:27-38.
  110. Adolphson P. Femoral cortical remodeling after uncemented total hip arthroplasty. A prospective radiologic study of 26 hips followed for 2 to 4 years. J Arthroplasty 1997;12:99-105.
  111. Clohisy JC, Harris WH. The Harris-Galante uncemented femoral component in primary total hip replacement at 10 years. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:915-7.
  112. Excellent results of proximally HA-coated femoral stems after minimum 6 years follow-up. Prospective evaluation of 100 patients References
  113. Barrack RL, Mulroy RD, Harris WH (1992) Improved cementing techniques and femoral component loosening in young patients with hip arthroplasty. A 12-year radiographic review. J Bone Joint Surg 74A:385-9.
  114. Heekin RD, Callaghan JJ, Hopkinson WJ, Savory CG, Xenos JS (1993) The porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis, inserted without cement. Results after five to seven years in a prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg 75A:77-91.
  115. Geesink RG, De Groot K, Klein CP (1987) Chemical implant fixation using hydroxyl-apatite coatings. The development of a human total hip prosthesis for chemical fixation to bone using hydroxyl-apatite coatings on titanium substrates.Clin Orthop 225:147-70.
  116. McPherson EJ, Dorr LD, Gruen TA, Saberi TM (1995) Hydroxyapatite-coated proximal ingrowth femoral stems. A matched pair control study. Clin Orthop 223-30.
  117. Scott DF, Jaffe WL. Host-bone response to porous-coated cobalt-chrome and hydroxyap- atite-coated titanium femoral components in hip arthroplasty. Dual-enery X-ray absorpti- ometry analysis of paired bilateral cases at 5 to 7 years (1996) J Arthroplasty 11:429-37.
  118. Sanchez-Sotelo J, Lewallen DG, Harmsen WS, Harrington J, Cabanela ME (2004) Comparison of wear and osteolysis in hip replacement using two different coatings of the femoral stem. Int Orthop 28:206-10.
  119. Parvizi J, Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Orzoco F, Bissett GA, Rothman RH (2004) Prospective matched-pair analysis of hydroxyapatite-coated and uncoated femoral stems in total hip arthroplasty. A concise follow-up of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 86:783-6.
  120. Søballe K, Toksvig-Larsen S, Gelineck J, Frensgaard S, Hansen ES, Ryd L, Lucht R, Bünger C (1993) A roentgen stereophotogrammetric study [migration of hydroxyapatite coated femoral prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 75:681-7.
  121. Incavo SJ, Schneider R, Elting J (1998) The effect of surface coating of femoral prostheses implanted without cement: a 2-to 4-year follow-up study. Am J Orthop 27:355-61.
  122. Yee AJM, Kreder HK, Bookman I, Davey JR (1999) A randomized trial of hydroxyapatite coated prostheses in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 366:120-32.
  123. Hamadouche W, Witvoet J, Porcher R, Meunier A, Sedel L, Nizard R (2001) Hydroxyapatite- coated versus grit-blasted femoral stems. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 83:979-87.
  124. Rasquina VJ, Ranawat CS, Mauriello AJ (2002) Hydroxyapatite. Catalyst or conjuror? J Arthroplasty 17:113-7.
  125. Kim YH, Kim JS, Oh SH, Kim JM (2003) Comparison of porous-coated titanium femoral stems with and without hydroxyapatite coating. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 85;1882-8.
  126. Tanzer M, Gollish J, Leighton R, Orrell K, Giacchinao A, Welsh P, Shea B, Wells G (2004) The effect of adjuvant calcium phosphate coating on a porous-coated femoral stem. Clin Orthop 424:153-60.
  127. Yoon KS, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kang SB, Seong NH, Koo KH (2007) A randomized clinical trial of cementless femoral stems with and without hydroxyapatite/tricalcium-phostphate coating. J Arthroplasty 22:504-8.
  128. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF (1999) Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet 354(9193):1896-900.
  129. Porous-coated femoral components with or without hydroxyapatite in primary uncemented total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials 17. Van Tulder MW, Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM (1997) Method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group for Spinal Disorders. Spine 22(20):2323-30.
  130. Harris WH (1969). Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 51:737-55.
  131. Engh CA, Massin P, Suthers KE (1990) Roentgenographic assessment of the biologic fixation of porous-surfaced femoral components. Clin Orthop 257:107-27.
  132. Geesink RG, de Groot K, Klein CPAT (1988) Bonding of bone to apatite-coated implants. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 70:17-22.
  133. Bauer TW, Geesink RC, Zimmerman R, McMahon JT (1991) Hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems. Histological analysis of components retrived at autopsy. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 73:1439-52.
  134. Coathup MJ, Blunn GW, Flynn N, Williams C, Thomas NP (2001) A comparison of bone remodelling around hydroxyapatite-coated, porous-coated and grit-blasted hip replacements retrieved at post-mortem. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 83:118-23.
  135. Cates HE, Keating EM, Gittins M, Faris PM, Bissacotti JF, Ritter MA (1991) Early clinical results of hydroxyapatite-coated total hip arthroplasty. Semin Arthroplasty 2:317-22.
  136. Vaughn BK, Lombardi AV, Mallory TH (1991) Clinical and radiographic experience with a hydrosyapatite-coated titanium plasma-sprayed porous implant. Semin Arthroplasty 2:309-16.
  137. Cook SD, Enis J, Armstrong D, Lisecki E (1991) Early clinical results with the hydroxyapatite- coated porous long-term stable fixation total hip system. Sem Arthroplasty 2:302-8.
  138. Homsy CA, Cain TE, Kessler FB, Anderson MS, Kessler FB Anderson MS. Porous implant systems for prosthesis stabilization. Clin Orthop 1972;89:220-35.
  139. Sadr B, Arden GP. A comparison of the stability of Proplast-coated and cemented Thompson prostheses in the treatment of subcapital femoral fractures. Injury 1977;8:234-7.
  140. Bryan WJ, McCaskill BL, Tullos HS. Hip endoprosthesis stabulization with a porous low modulus stem coating. Factors influencing stabilization. Clin Orthop 1981;157:125-32.
  141. Tullos HS, McCaskill BL, Dickey R, Davidson J: Total hip arthroplasty with a low-modulus porous-coated femoral component. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66A:888-98.
  142. Maathuis PGM, Visser JD. High failure rate of soft-interface stem coating for fixation of femoral endoprostheses. J. Arthroplasty 1996;11:548-52.
  143. Hardinge K. The direct lateral approach to the hip. J Bone Joint Surg 1982;64B:17-9.
  144. Engh CA, Massin P, Suthers KE. Roentgenographic assessment of the biologic fixation of porous-surfaced femoral components. Clin Orthop 1990;257:107-27
  145. Engh CA, Bobyn JD, Glassman AH. Porous-coated hip replacement; the factors governing bone ingrowth, stress shielding and clinical results. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69B:45-55.
  146. Malchau H, Karrholm J, Wang YX, Herberts P. Accuracy of migration analysis in hip arthroplasty. Digitized and conventional radiography, compared to radiostereometry in 51 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 1995;66:418-24.
  147. Barrack RL, Mulroy RD, Harris WH. Improved cementing techniques and femoral component loosening in young patients with hip arthroplasty. A 12-year radiographic review. J Bone Joint Surg 1992;74A:385-9.
  148. Heekin RD, Callaghan JJ, Hopkinson WJ, Savory CG, Xenos JS. The porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis, inserted without cement. Results after five to seven years in a prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg 1993;75A:77-91.
  149. Huiskes R. The various stress patterns of press-fit, ingrown, and cemented femoral stems. Clin Orthop 1990;261:27-38.
  150. Parvongnokul K, Lump WV. Evaluation of polytetrafuoroethylene-graphite-coated total hip prostheses in goats. Am J Vet Res 1978;39:221-8.
  151. Charnley J. Tissue reactions to plyetrafluoroethylene. Lancet 1963;2:1379.
  152. Keet GG, Runne WC. The Anaform endoprosthesis: a Proplast coated femoral endopros- thesis. Orthopedics 1989;12:1185-90.
  153. Runne WC, Van Sambeek KJM, Stierum JL, Van Tongerloo RB. Femoral endoprosthesis fixation with a soft, flexible low modulus stem coating. Four to six year clinical results. Orthopaedics 1989;12:529-35.
  154. Kwong LM Jasty M, Mulroy RD, Maloney WJ, Bragdon C, Harris WH. The histology of the radiolucent line. J Bone Joint Surg 1992;74A:67-73.
  155. Willert HG, Buchhorn GH, Hess T: The significance of wear and material fatigue in loosening of hip prosthesis. Orthopäde 1989;18:350.
  156. Goosen JH, Swieringa AJ, Keet JG, Verheyen CC. Excellent results from proximally HA-coated femoral stems with a minimum of 6 years follow-up. A prospective evaluation of 100 patients. Acta Orthop 2005;76:190-7.
  157. Longterm results of a soft interface coated-(Proplast-) femoral stem
  158. Kärrholm J, Anderberg C, Snorrason, F, Thanner J, Langeland, N, Malchau H, Herberts P. Evaluation of a femoral stem wiht reduced stiffness. A randomized study with use of radi- ostereometry and bone densitometry. J Bone Joint Surg 2002;84A:1651-8.
  159. Bodén H, Adolphson P, Öberg M. Unstable versus stable uncemented femoral stems: a radiological study of periprosthetic bone changes in two types of uncemented stems with defferent concepts of fixation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2004;124:382-92.
  160. Parker M J, Gurusamy K. Arthroplasties (with or without bone cement) for proximal femoral fractures in adults (review). Cochrane database 2006 19(3):CD001706.
  161. Morshed S, Bozic KJ, Ries MD, Malchau H, Colford Jr JM. Comparison of cemented and uncemented fixation in total hip replacement. Acta Orthop 2007;78(3):315-26.
  162. Leighton RK, Schmidt AH, Collier P, Trask K. Advances in the treatment of intracapsular hip fractures in the elderly. Injury 2007; 38(S3);
  163. Foster AP, Thompson NW, Wong J, Charlwood AP. Periprosthetic femoral fractures-a comparison between cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasties. Injury 2005;36(3):424-9.
  164. Emery RJ, Broughton NS, Desai K, Bulstrode CJ, Thomas TL. Bipolar hemiarthroplasty for subcapital fracture of the femoral neck. A prospective randomised trial of cemented thompson and uncemented Moore stems. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1991;73:322-4.
  165. Sonne-Holm S, Dyrbye M, Walter S, Jensen J S. Bone scintigraphy in Moore hemiarthro- plasty with and without cement following femoral neck fractures. A controlled study. Acta Orthop Scand 1983;54:194-7.
  166. Dorr L D, Glousman R, Sew Hoy A L S, Vanis R, Chandler R. Threatment of femoral neck fractures with total hip replacement versus cemented and noncemented hemiarthro- plasty. J. Arthroplasty 1986;1:21-8.
  167. Lo WH, Chen WM, Huang CK, Chen TH, Chiu FY, Chen CM. Bateman Bipolar hemiarthro- plasty for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. Uncemented versus cemented. Clin Orthop 1994;302:75-82.
  168. Faraj A A, Branfoot T. Cemented versus uncemented Thompson's prostheses: a functional outcome study. Injury 1999;30:671-5.
  169. Min B, Longjohn DB, Dorr LD, Wan Z. Radiographic comparison of diaphyseal grit blasted with smooth surface stems by matched pair analysis. Clin Orthop 2000 381:156-67.
  170. Hinrichs F, Kühl M, Boudriot U, Griss P. A comparative clinical outcome evaluation of smooth (10-13 year results) versus rough surface finish (5-8 year results) in an otherwise identically designed cemented titanium alloy stem. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2003 123:268-272.
  171. Effenberger H, Heiland A, Ramsauer T, Plitz W, Dorn U. A model for assissing the rotational stability of uncemented femoral implants. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2001 121:60-64.
  172. Pabinger C, Kröner A, Lange A, Eyb R. Cemented titanium stems show high migration: transprosthetic drainage system has no advantage over third-generation cementation technique. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004 124:489-94.
  173. Bombelli R. Osteoarthritis of the hip: classification and pathogenesis: the role of osteotomy as a consequent therapy, 2 nd ed. New York: Springer, 1983:98108.
  174. Noble PC, Box GG, Kamaric E, Fink MJ, Alexander JW, Tullos HS. The effect of aging on the shape of the proximal femur. Clin Orthop 1995;316:31-44.
  175. Parvizi J, Holiday AD, Ereth MH, Lewallen DG. Sudden death during primary hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1999;369:39-48.
  176. Lennox IA, McLauchlan J. Comparing the mortality and morbidity of cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasties. Injury 1993;24(3):185-6.
  177. Harris WH. The problem is osteolysis. Clin Orthop 1995;311:46-53.
  178. Zicat B, Engh CA, Gokcen E. Patterns of osteolysis around total hip components inserted with and without cement. J Bone Joint Surg 1995;77:432-9.
  179. Schmalzried TP, Kwong LM, Jasty M, Sedlacek RC Haire TC O'Connor DO, Bragdon CR, Kabo JM, Malcolm AJ, Harris WH: The mechanism of loosening of cemented acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty. Analysis of specimens retrieved at autopsy. Clin Orthop 1992;274:60-78.
  180. P.F.Doorn. Wear and biological aspects of metal on metal total hip replacements. Thesis 2000;chapter 1:13
  181. Willert HG, Buchhorn GH, Hess T. The significance of wear and material fatigue in loosening of hip prosteses. Orthopade 1989;18:350-69.
  182. Aspenberg P, Van der Vis H. Fluid pressure may cause periprosthetic osteolysis. Particles are not the only thing. Acta Orhtop Scand 1998;69:1-4.
  183. Jacobsson SA, Kjerf K, Wahlstrom O. Twenty-year results of McKee-Farrar versus Charnley prostheses. Clin Orthop 1996;329 Suppl:S60-8.
  184. Schmalzried RP, Szuszczewicz ES, Akizuki KH, Petersen TD, Amstutz HC. Factor correlating with long term survival of McKee-Farrar to hip prostheses. Clin Orthop 1996;329 Suppl:S48-59.
  185. Jacobs JJ, Roebuck KA, Archibeck M, Hallab NJ, Giant TT. Osteolysis: Basic Science. Clin Orthop 2001;393:71-7.
  186. Carter DR, Vasu R, Harris WH. Stress distributions in the acetabular region-II. Effects of cement thickness and metal backing of the total hip acetabular component. J Biomech 1982;15:165-70.
  187. Cates HE, Faris PM, Keating EM, Ritter MA. Polyethylene wear in cemented metal-backed acetabular cup. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1993;75:249-53.
  188. Devane PA, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, MacDonald S, Robinson EJ. Measuremetn of polyetylene wear in metal-backed acetabular cups. Clin Orthop 1995;319:317-326.
  189. Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Eng K, Mesa J. Primary cementless hip arthroplasty with a titanium plasma sprayed prosthesis. Clin Orthop 1996;333:217-25.
  190. Kim YH, Kim JS, Cho SH. Primarty total hip arthroplasty with a cementless porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis. 10-to 12-year rsults of prospective and consecutive series. J Arthroplasty 1999;14:538-48.
  191. Thanner J. The acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty. Evalution of different fixation principles. Thesis. Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl) 1999;286:70.
  192. Puolakka TJS, Laine HJ, Moilanen TPS, Koivisto AM, Pajamäki KJJ. Alarming wear of the first-generation polyethylene liner of the cementless porous-coated Biomet universal cup. Acta Orthop Scand 2001;72:1-7.
  193. Lavernia CJ. Cost-effective3ness of early surgical intervention in silent osteolysis. J Arthroplasty 1998;13:277-9.
  194. D'Antonio JA. Periprosthetic bone loss of the acetabulum. Classification and management. Orthop Clin N Am;1992;23:279-90.
  195. Puri L, Wixson RL, Stern SH, Kohli H, Hendrx RW, Stulberg SD. Use of helical computed tomography for the assessment of acetabular osteolysis after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2002;84:609-14.
  196. Stulberg SD, Wixson RL, Adams AD, Hendrix RW, Bernfield JB. Monitoring pelvic osteolysis following total hip replacement surgery: an algorithm for surveillance. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2002;84:116-22.
  197. Hozack WJ, Mesa JJ, Carey C, Rothman RH. Relationship between polyethylene wear, pelvic osteolysis and clinical symptomatology in patients with cementless acetabular components. A framework for decision making. J Arthroplasty 1996;11:769-72.
  198. Carlsson AS, Gentz CF. Radiographic versus clinical loosening of the acetabular component in noninfected total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1984;185:145-50.
  199. Maloney WJ, Alto P, Peters P, Engh CA, Chandler H. Severe osteolysis of the pelvis in association with acetabular replacement without cement. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1993;75:1627-35.
  200. Huk OL, Zukor KJ, Antoniou J, Petit A. Effect of pamidronate on the stimulation of macrophage TNF-alpha release by ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene particles: a role for apoptosis. J Orthop Res 2003;21:81-7.
  201. Baulé PE, LeDuff MJ, Dorey FJ, Amstutz HC. Fate of cementless acetabular components retained during revision total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2003;85:2288-93.
  202. Beaule PE, Ebramzadeh E, LeDuff M, Prasad R, Amstutz HC. Cementing a liner into a stable cementless acetabular shell: the double-socket technique. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2004;86:929-34.
  203. Maloney WJ, Herzwurm P, Paprosky W, Rubash HE, Engh CA. Treatment of pelvic osteolysis associated with a stable acetabular component inserted without cement as part of a total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1997;79:1628-34.
  204. Orishimo KF, Claus AM, Sychterz CJ, Engh CA. Relationship between polyethylene wear and osteolysis in hips with a second-generation porous-coated cementless cup after seven years of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2003;85:1095-99.
  205. Puolakka TJS, Pajamäki KJJ, Pulkkinen PO, Nevalainen JK. Poor survival of cementless Biomet total hip. A report on 1,047 hips from the Finnish Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop Scand 1999;70;425-429.
  206. Huk OL, Bansal M, Betts F, Rimnac CM, Lieberman JR, Huo MH, Salvati EA. Polyethylene and metal debris generated by non-articulating surgaces of modular acetabular components. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1994;76:568-74.
  207. Kurtz SM, Rimnac CM, Bartel DL. Degradation rate of ultra-high molecular weight polyetylene. J Orthop Res 1997;15:57-61.
  208. Kurtz SM, Hozack W, Marcolongo M, Turner J, Rimnac C, Edidin A. Degradation of mechanical properties of UHMWPE acetabular liners following long-term implantation. J Arthroplasty 2003;18:68-78.
  209. Head WC, Emerson RH, Millyard JM, Higgins L, Pindinson JL. Comparison of polyethylene wear in machined versus molded plyethylene liners in Ringloc acetabular cups. Texas center for joint replacement, Plano, TX, 1999.
  210. Livermore J, Ilstrup D, Morrey B. Effect of femoral head size on wear of the polyetylene acetabular component. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1990;72:518-28.
  211. Bragdon CR, Jasty M, Muratoglu OK, O'Connor DO, Harris WH. Third-body wear of highly cross-linked polyetylene in a hip simulator. J Arthroplasty 2003;18:553-61.
  212. Silent osteolysis associated with an uncemented acetabular component: a treatment an monitoring algorithm References
  213. Malchau H, Herberts P, Ahnfelt C. Prognosis of total hip replacement in Sweden. Follow-up of 92,675 operations performed 1978-1990. Acta Orthop Scand 64:497-506, 1993.
  214. Harris WH. The problem is osteolysis. Clin Orthop 311:46-53, 1995.
  215. Willert HG, Buchhorn GH, Hess T. The significance of wear and material fatigue in loosening of hip prostheses. Orthopade 18:350-69, 1989.
  216. Charnley J, Cupec Z. The nine and ten year results of the low-friction arthroplasty of the hip. Clin Orthop 95:9-25. 1973.
  217. Charnley J, Halley DK. Rate of wear in total hip replacement. Clin Orthop 112:170-9. 1975.
  218. Isaac GH, Dowson D, Wroblewsky BM. An investigation into the origins of time-dependant variation in penetration rates with Charnley acetabular cups -wear, creep or degradation? Proc Inst Mech Eng (H) 210:209-16, 1996.
  219. Gomez-Barrena E, Li S, Furman BS, Masri BA, Wright TM, Salvati EA. Role of polyethylene oxidation and consolidation defects in cup performance. Clin Orthop 352:105-17, 1998.
  220. Kurtz SM, Hozack W, Marcolongo M, Turner J, Rimnac C, Edidin A. Degradation of mechanical properties of UHMWPE acetabular liners following long-term implantation. J Arthroplasty 18:68-78, 2003.
  221. Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 51:737-55, 1969.
  222. Sellers RG, Lyles D, Dorr LD. The effect of pelvic rotation on alpha and theta angles in total hip arthroplasty. Cont Orth 17:67-70, 1988.
  223. Hirakawa K, Mitsugi N, Koshino T, Saito T, Hirasawa Y, Kubo T. Effect of acetabular cup position and orientation in cemented total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 388:135-42, 2001.
  224. Livermore J, Ilstrup D, Morrey B. Effect of femoral head size on wear of the polyethylene acetabular component. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 72:518-28, 1990.
  225. Puolakka TJS, Laine HJ, Moilanen TPS, Koivisto AM, Pajamäki KJJ. Alarming wear of the first-generation polyethylene liner of the cementless porous-coated Biomet universal cup. Acta Orthop Scand 72:1-7, 2001.
  226. DeLee JG, Charnley J. Radiological demarcation of cemented sockets in total hip replacement. Clin Orthop 121:20-32, 1976.
  227. Gruen TA, McNeice GM, Amstutz HC. 'Modes of failure' of cemented stem-type femoral components. A radiographic analysis of loosening. Clin Orthop 141:17-27, 1979.
  228. Sarmiento A, Ebramzadeh E, Gogan WJ, McKellop HA. Cup containment and orientation in cemented total hip arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 72:996-1002, 1990.
  229. Del Schutte H, Lipman AJ, Bannar SM, Livermore JT, Ilstrup D, Morrey B. Effects of acetabular abduction on cup wear rates in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 13:621-6, 1998.
  230. Schmalzried TP, Shepher EF, Dorey FJ, Jackson WO, Rosa M, Fa'vae F, McKellop HA, McClung CD, Martell J, Moreland JR, Amstutz HC. Wear is a function of use, not time. Clin Orthop 381:36-46, 2000.
  231. Bono JW, Sanford L, Toussaint JT. Severe polyethylene wear in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 9:119-25, 1994.
  232. Maloney WJ, Peters P, Engh CA, Chandler H. Severe osteolysis of the pelvic in association with acetabular replacement without cement. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 75:1627-35, 1993.
  233. Schmalzried TP, Brown IC, Amstutz HC, Engh CA, Harris WH. The role of acetabular screw holes and/or screws in the development of pelvic osteolysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng (H) 213:147-53, 1999.
  234. Postak PD, Tradonsky S, Froimson AI, et al. Performance characteristics of two piece acetabular cups -series II. Orthop Transact 20:182-3, 1996.
  235. Carter DR, Vasu R, Harris WH. Stress distributions in the acetabular region-II. Effects of cement thickness and metal backing of the total hip acetabular component. J Biomech 15(3):165-70, 1982.
  236. Cates HE, Faris PM, Keating EM, Ritter MA. Polyethylene wear in cemented metal-backed acetabular cups. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 75:249-53, 1993.
  237. Devane PA, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, MacDonald S, Robinson EJ. Measurement of polyethylene wear in metal-backed acetabular cups. Clin Orthop 319:317-326, 1995.
  238. Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Eng K, Mesa J. Primary cementless hip arthroplasty with a titanium plasma sprayed prosthesis. Clin Orthop 333:217-25, 1996.
  239. Kim YH, Kim JS, Cho SH. Primary total hip arthroplasty with a cementless porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis. 10-to 12-year results of prospective and consecutive series. J Arthroplasty 14:538-48, 1999.
  240. Thanner J. The acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty. Evalution of different fixation principles. Thesis. Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl) 286:70, 1999.
  241. Yamamoto K, Imakure A, Shishido T, Masaoka T, Koizumi R, Ito K, Sano K. Cementless total hip arthroplasty using porous-coated Biomet acetabular cups (Hexloc and Ringloc Types). J Orthop Sci 8:657-663, 2003.
  242. Kurtz SM, Rimnac CM, Bartel DL. Degradation rate of ultra-high molecular weight polyetylene. J Orthop Res 1997;15:57-61.
  243. Head WC, Emerson RH, Millyard JM, Higgins L, Pindinson JL. Comparison of polyethylene wear in machined versus molded polyethylene liners in Ringloc acetabular cups. Texas center for joint replacement, Plano, TX, 1999.
  244. Bragdon CR, Jasty M, Muratoglu OK, O'Connor DO, Harris WH. Third-body wear of highly cross-linked polyetylene in a hip simulator. J Arthroplasty 2003;18:553-61.
  245. Digas G, Karrholm J, Thanner J, Malchau H, Herberts P. Highly cross-linked polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty: randomized evaluation of penetration rate in cemented and uncemented sockets using radiosteriometric analysis. Clin Orthop 2004;429:6-16.
  246. Doorn PF. Wear and biological aspects of metal on metal total hip replacements. Thesis 2000;chapter 1:13
  247. Jacobsson SA, Kjerf K, Wahlstrom O. Twenty-year results of McKee-Farrar versus Charnley prostheses. Clin Orthop 1996;329 Suppl:S60-8.
  248. Schmalzried RP, Szuszczewicz ES, Akizuki KH, Petersen TD, Amstutz HC. Factor correlating with long term survival of McKee-Farrar to hip prostheses. Clin Orthop 1996;329 Suppl:S48-59.
  249. Konttinen YT, Zhao D, Beklen A, Ma G, Takagi M, Kivelä-Rajamäki M, Ashammakhi N, Santavirta S. The microenvironment around total hip replacement prostheses. Clin Orthop 2005;430:28-38.
  250. Mid-term wear characteristics of an uncemented actetabular component References
  251. Harris WH (1995). The problem is osteolysis. Clin Orthop 311:46-53.
  252. Isaac GH, Dowson D, Wroblewsky BM (1996). An investigation into the origins of time- dependant variation in penetration rates with Charnley acetabular cups -wear, creep or degradation? Proc Inst Mech Eng (H) 210:209-16.
  253. Faris PM, Ritter MA, Pierce AL, Davis KE, Faris GW (2006). Polyethylene sterilization and production affects wear in total hip arthroplasties. Clin Orthop 453:305-308.
  254. Premnath V, Harris WH, Jasty M, Merril EW (1996). Gamma sterilization of UHMWPE articular implants: an analysis of the oxidation problem. Biomaterials 17:1741-53.
  255. Kurtz SM, Muratoglu OK, Evans M, Edidin AA (1999). Advances in the processing, sterilization, and crosslinking of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene for total joint arthroplasty. Biomaterials 20:1659-88.
  256. Goosen JH, Verheyen CC, Tulp NJ (2005). Mid-term wear characteristics of an uncemented acetabular component. J Bone Joint Surg [B] 87:1475-9.
  257. Kurtz SM, Hozack WJ, Purtill JJ, Marcolongo M, et al (2006). Significance of In Vivo degradation for polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 453:47-57.
  258. Harris WH (1969). Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 51:737-55.
  259. Sellers RG, Lyles D, Dorr LD (1988). The effect of pelvic rotation on alpha and theta angles in total hip arthroplasty. Cont Orth 17:67-70.
  260. Hirakawa K, Mitsugi N, Koshino T, Saito T, Hirasawa Y, Kubo T (2001). Effect of acetabular cup position and orientation in cemented total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 388:135-42.
  261. Sarmiento A, Ebramzadeh E, Gogan WJ, McKellop HA (1990). Cup containment and orientation in cemented total hip arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 72:996-1002.
  262. Livermore J, Ilstrup D, Morrey B (1990). Effect of femoral head size on wear of the polyethylene acetabular component. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 72:518-28.
  263. DeLee JG, Charnley J (1976). Radiological demarcation of cemented sockets in total hip replacement. Clin Orthop 121:20-32.
  264. Gruen TA, McNeice GM, Amstutz HC (1979). 'Modes of failure' of cemented stem-type femoral components. A radiographic analysis of loosening. Clin Orthop 141:17-27.
  265. Twisk JWR: Applied multilevel analysis: A practical guide. Cambridge University Press. 2006.
  266. Kurtz SM, Hozack W, Marcolongo M, Turner J, et al (2003). Degradation of mechanical properties of UHMWPE acetabular liners following long-term implantation. J Arthroplasty 18:68-78.
  267. Bankston AB, Cates H, Ritter MA, Keating EM, Faris PM (1995). Polyethylene wear in total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop. 317:7-13.
  268. Schmalzried TP, Brown IC, Amstutz HC, Engh CA, Harris WH (1999). The role of acetabular screw holes and/or screws in the development of pelvic osteolysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng (H) 213:147-53.
  269. Schmalzried TP, Shepher EF, Dorey FJ, Jackson WO, Rosa M, Fa'vae F, McKellop HA, McClung CD, Martell J, Moreland JR, Amstutz HC (2000). Wear is a function of use, not time. Clin Orthop 381:36-46.
  270. Cates HE, Faris PM, Keating EM, Ritter MA (1993). Polyethylene wear in cemented metal-backed acetabular cups. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 75:249-53.
  271. Devane PA, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, MacDonald S, Robinson EJ (1995). Measurement of polyethylene wear in metal-backed acetabular cups. Clin Orthop 319:317-326.
  272. Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Eng K, Mesa J (1996). Primary cementless hip arthroplasty with a titanium plasma sprayed prosthesis. Clin Orthop 333:217-25.
  273. Puolakka TJS, Laine HJ, Moilanen TPS, Koivisto AM, Pajamäki KJJ (2001). Alarming wear of the first-generation polyethylene liner of the cementless porous-coated Biomet universal cup. Acta Orthop Scand 72:1-7.
  274. Schmalzried TP, Shepher EF, Dorey FJ, Jackson WO, Rosa M, Fa'vae F, McKellop HA, McClung CD, Martell J, Moreland JR, Amstutz HC. Wear is a function of use, not time. Clin Orthop 381:36-46, 2000.
  275. Cates HE, Faris PM, Keating EM, Ritter MA. Polyethylene wear in cemented metal-backed acetabular cups. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 75:249-53, 1993.
  276. Devane PA, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, MacDonald S, Robinson EJ. Measurement of polyethylene wear in metal-backed acetabular cups. Clin Orthop 319:317-326, 1995.
  277. Kim YH, Kim JS, Cho SH. Primary total hip arthroplasty with a cementless porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis. 10-to 12-year results of prospective and consecutive series. J Arthroplasty 14:538-48, 1999.
  278. Puri L, Wixson RL, Stern SH, Kohli J, Hendrix RW, Stulberg SD. Use of helical computed tomography for the assessment of acetabular osteolysis after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [A] 2002;84:609-14.
  279. Grimm B, Tonino AJ, Heyligers IC (2007). Eight-year prospective randomized comparison between crosslinked and conventional polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty [abstract].
  280. Konttinen YT, Zhao D, Beklen A, Ma G, et al (2005). The microenvironment around total hip replacement prostheses. Clin Orthop 430:28-38.
  281. Doorn PF. Wear and biological aspects of metal on metal total hip replacements. Thesis 2000;chapter 1:13
  282. Jacobsson SA, Kjerf K, Wahlstrom O (1996). Twenty-year results of McKee-Farrar versus Charnley prostheses. Clin Orthop 329 Suppl:S60-8. References
  283. Hartzband MA. Posterolateral minimal incision for total hip replacement: technique and early resuts. Orthop Clin North Am 2004;35:119.
  284. Dorr LD, Maheshwari AV, Long WT, Wan Z, Sirianni LE. Early pain relief and function after posterior minimally invasive and conventional total hip arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized, blinded study. JBJS[Am] 2007;89:1153-60.
  285. Howell JR, Garbuz DS, Duncan CP. Minimally invasive hip replacement: Rationale, applied anatomy and instrumentation. Orthop Clin North Am 2004;35:107.
  286. Woolson ST, Mow CS, Syquia JF, Lannin JW, Schurman DJ. Comparison of primary total hip replacements performed with a standard incision or a mini-incision. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:1353-8.
  287. Sculco TP. Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. In the affirmative. J Arthroplasty. 2004 Jun;19(4 Suppl 1):78-80. Review.
  288. Nakamura S, Matsuda K, Arai N, Wakimoto N, Matsushita T Mini-incision posterior approach for total hip arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2004 Aug;28(4):214-7.
  289. Chimento GF, Pavone V, Sharrock N, Kahn B, Cahill J, Sculco TP. Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study. J Arthroplasty 2005;20:139-44.
  290. Ogonda L, Wilson R, Archbold P, Lawlor M, Humphreys P, O'Brien S, Beverland D. A minimal-incision technique in total hip arthroplasty does not improve early postoperative outcomes. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:701- 10.
  291. Kim YH. Comparison of primary total hip arthroplasties performed with a minimally invasive technique or a standard technique. A prospective and radomized study. J Arthroplasty 2006;21:1092-8.
  292. Bennett D, Ogonda L, Elliot D, Humphreys L, Lawlor M, Beverland D. Comparison of immediate postoperative walking ability in patients receiving minimally invasive and standard- incision hip arthroplasty. A prospective blinded study. J Arthroplasty 2007;22:490-495.
  293. Wall SJ, Mears SC. Analysis of published evidence on minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2008;23:55-8.
  294. Frndak PA, Mallory TH, Lombardi AV. Translateral surgical approach to the hip. The abductor muscle "split". Clin Orthop 1993;295:135-141.
  295. Gibson A. Posterior exposure of the hip joint. J Bone Joint Surg [B] 1950;32:183.
  296. Hoeksma HL, Ende CH, Ronday HK, Heering A, Breedveld FC. Comparison of the respon- siveness of the Harris Hip Score with generic measures for hip function in osteoarthritis of the hip. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:935-8.
  297. Laurence AS. Serum myoglobin and creatine kinase following surgery. British journal of anaesth 2000;84:763-6.
  298. Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1969;51:737-55.
  299. Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW. Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic durg therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 1988;15:1833-40.
  300. Dawson J, Fitzpatrick R, Carr A, Murray D. Questionnaire on the perceptions of patients about toal hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1996;78:185-90.
  301. Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Bayliss MS, et al. Comparison of methods for the scoring and statistical analysis of SF-36 health profile and summary measures: summary of results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Med Care 1995;33:264-79.
  302. Sellers RG, Lyles D, Dorr LD. The effect of pelvic rotation on alpha and theta angles in total hip arthroplasty. Cont Orth 17:67-70, 1988.
  303. Sarmiento A, Ebramzadeh E, Gogan WJ, McKellop HA. Cup containment and orientation in cemented total hip arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 72:996-1002, 1990.
  304. Brooker AF, Bowermann JW, Robinson RA, Riley LH. Ectopic ossification following total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1973;55;1929-32.
  305. Callaghan JJ, Salvati EA, Pellicci PM, Wilson PD Jr, Ranawat CS. Results of revision for mechanical failure after cemented Total hip replacement, 1979 to 1982. A two to five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:1074-85.
  306. Woolson ST, Hartford JM, Sawyer A. Results of a method of Leg-Lengt equalization for patients undergoing primary total hip replacement. J Arthroplasty 1999;14:159-64.
  307. Teet JS, Skinner HB, Khoury L. The effect of the "mini" incision in total hip arthroplasty on component position. J Arthroplasty 2006;21:503-7.
  308. Lin DH, Jan MH, Liu TK, Lin YF, Hou SM. Effects of anterolateral minimally invasive surgery in total hip arthroplasty on hip muscle strength, walking speed, and functional score. J Arthroplasty 2007;22:1187-92.
  309. Pagnano MW, Trousdale RT, Meneghini RM, Hanssen AD. Slower recovery after two-incision than mini-posterior-incision total hip arthroplasty. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:100-6.
  310. Sculco TP, Jordan LC, Walter WL. Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty: the Hospital for special surgery experience. Orthop Clin North Am 2004;35:137-42.
  311. Minimally Invasive versus Classical Procedures for Posterolateral and Anterolateral Approaches in Total Hip Arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blinded
  312. Harmen, Joris, Bart Bosker, Joost, Bart Kuijpers, Jasper en Stefan (volgend jaar).
  313. Beste Prof. dr. Veth, Prof. dr. Van Kampen, Allard, Bart, Maarten, Jean, Wim en Micha (Radboud). Beste Ate, Harald, Marc, Tony, Bart, Dick, Jan Willem, Angelique, Rico, Jan, Koen, Gijs, Marco, Maarten, Philip en Marinus (SMK).
  314. Hagihara A, Tarumi K, Nobutomo K. The number of steps taken by flight attendants during international long-haul flights. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2001;72:937-9.
  315. Silva M, Shepherd EF, Jackson WO, Dorey FJ, Schmalzried TP. Average patient walking activity approaches 2 million cycles per year: pedometers under-record walking activity. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:693-7.
  316. Schneider PL, Crouter SE, Lukajic O, Bassett jr DR. Accuracy and reliability of 10 pedo meters for measuring steps over a 400-m walk. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1779-84.
  317. Garrow JS, Webster J. Quetelet's index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int J Obes. 1985;9:147-53.
  318. Twisk JWR. Applied multilevel analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006.