Neighbour-shared versus communal latrines in urban slums: a cross-sectional study in Orissa, India exploring household demographics, accessibility, privacy, use and cleanliness (original) (raw)
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The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2015
A large and growing proportion of the global population rely on shared sanitation facilities despite evidence of a potential increased risk of adverse health outcomes compared with individual household latrines (IHLs). We sought to explore differences between households relying on shared sanitation versus IHLs in terms of demographics, sanitation facilities, and fecal exposure. We surveyed 570 households from 30 slums in Orissa, India, to obtain data on demographics, water, sanitation, and hygiene. Latrine spot-checks were conducted to collect data on indicators of use, privacy, and cleanliness. We collected samples of drinking water and hand rinses to assess fecal contamination. Households relying on shared sanitation were poorer and less educated than those accessing IHLs. Individuals in sharing households were more likely to practice open defecation. Shared facilities were less likely to be functional, less clean, and more likely to have feces and flies. No differences in fecal c...
Sanitation Accessibility in Rural Households of Rohtak District- A Village Level Analysis (2011)
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2022
Access to proper sanitation facilities has been a major challenge in India especially in rural areas where lack of proper 2011, just 31 percent of rural households have latrine facility. While in Haryana, only about 56.1 percent of rural households have latrine facility within premises. Specifically, Rohtak district account for about 58.4 percent rural households having latrine facility within the premises. Wide regional variations are observed in the availability of sanitation facilities among the villages of Rohtak District. Village Manja scores the lowest among all villages where only 6 percent households use latrine within premises rest 94 percent households practice open defecation. While Sasrauli is the best performing village in the district where about 98.8 percent households use latrine facilities within the premises. Using the secondary data from House listing and Housing Census (2011), all the villages have put into three categories-High, Medium and Low availability of sanitation facilities. The present paper examines the existing status of sanitation facilities at village level in terms of use of different type of latrine facilities in rural households of Rohtak district. The findings of study present a gruesome picture of sanitation infrastructure as 100 villages come under low and medium categories. Still, there were 28 villages where more than 50 percent households practice open defecation. A comprehensive and integrated approach involving various stakeholders of the government-gram panchayats, municipalities, state government and central government along with community participation can only make villages of Rohtak district open defecation free in real terms.
Community toilet use in Indian slums
2020
Water, sanitation and waste management Community toilet use in Indian slums Willingness-to-pay and the role of informational and supply side constraints March 2020 About 3ie The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) promotes evidence-informed, equitable, inclusive and sustainable development. We support the generation and effective use of high-quality evidence to inform decision-making and improve the lives of people living in poverty in low-and middle-income countries. We provide guidance and support to produce, synthesise and quality assure evidence of what works, for whom, how, why and at what cost. 3ie impact evaluations 3ie-supported impact evaluations assess the difference a development intervention has made to social and economic outcomes. 3ie is committed to funding rigorous evaluations that include a theory-based design and that use the most appropriate mix of methods to capture outcomes and are useful in complex development contexts. About this report 3ie accepted the final version of the report, Community toilet use in Indian slums: willingness-to-pay and the role of informational and supply side constraints, as partial fulfilment of requirements under grant DPW1.1105 awarded through Development Priorities Window 1. The report is technically sound and 3ie is making it available to the public in this final report version as it was received. No further work has been done. The 3ie technical quality assurance team for this report comprises Francis Rathinam, Neeta Goel, Deeksha Ahuja, an anonymous external impact evaluation design expert reviewer and an anonymous external sector expert reviewer, with overall technical supervision by Marie Gaarder. The 3ie editorial production team for this report comprises
Cureus
Background One or more of the following five amenities is lacking in slum communities: durable housing, sufficient living area, access to clean water, access to improved sanitation facilities, and secure tenure. This study aimed to identify the gaps in water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions in the urban slums of Lucknow. Methodology A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among families residing in the urban slums of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India for 18 months starting from April 2020. Results A total of 747 heads of families were interviewed and their families were surveyed. The proportion of kaccha slums was 37.25% and of pakka slums was 62.74%. About 98.3% of families residing in kaccha slums used indiscriminate throwing as a method of solid waste disposal. About 96.5% of families residing in kaccha slums practiced open-field defecation while those residing in pakka slums used a toilet within the premises. Kaccha slum dwellers were practicing open-field defecation 12.8 times more than pakka slum dwellers. This study showed that sanitary conditions in kaccha slums were mainly responsible for the overall burden of excreta disposal, solid waste disposal, and access to water supply for drinking and other household purposes. Conclusions Water supply and housing conditions such as dampness, floor, and the non-availability of electricity are the primary predictors of the preference for open-field defecation among slum dwellers.
A community based cross sectional study on use of sanitary latrines in a rural setup in Maharashtra
Healthline, Journal of Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine, 2013
Background Even after more than 60 years of independence, open air defecation is widely prevalent in rural India. Objectives: To find out the reasons for under utilization of community latrines in a rural set up of district Pune, Maharashtra, India and to recommend measures which would lead to increase in the utilization of the sanitary latrines. Methods: The present community based crosssectional study was carried out in a village of district Pune (Maharashtra) during MayJune 2011 among 282 subjects. A modified WHO questionnaire adapted to local conditions was used for data collection. Interpretation of data was done using percentages and proportions. Results: In spite of presence of community latrines, 67% of the population resorted to open air defecation. Inadequate water was the major reason for under utilization (48.6%) of community latrines followed by lack of awareness about the availability of these (19.5%). Only 14.5% were not aware of any harmful effect of open air defecat...
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
Introduction: Monitoring of sanitation programs is often limited to sanitation access and coverage, with little emphasis on use of the facilities despite increasing evidence of widespread non-use. Objectives: We assessed patterns and determinants of individual latrine use over 12 months in a lowincome rural study population that had recently received latrines as part of the Government of India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in coastal Puri district in Odisha, India. Materials and methods: We surveyed 1938 individuals (>3 years) in 310 rural households with latrines from 25 villages over 12 months. Data collection rounds were timed to correspond with the seasons. The primary outcome was reported use by each member of the household over the prior 48 h. We classified use into three categories-"never", "sometimes" and "always/usually". We also assessed consistency of use over six days across the three seasons (dry cold, dry hot, rainy). We explored the association between individual and household-level variables and latrine use in any given season and longitudinally using multinomial logistic regression. We also inquired about reasons for non-use. Results: Overall, latrine use was poor and inconsistent. The average response probability at any given round of never use was 43.5% (95% CI = 37.9, 49.1), sometimes use was 4.6% (95% CI = 3.8, 5.5), and always/usual use was 51.9% (95% CI = 46.2, 57.5). Only two-thirds of those who reported always/usually using a latrine in round one reported the same for all three rounds. Across all three rounds, the study population was about equally divided among those who reported never using the latrine (30.1%, 95% CI = 23.0, 37.2), sometimes using the latrine (33.2%, 95% CI = 28.3, 38.1) and always/usually using the latrine (36.8%, 95% CI = 31.8, 41.8). The reported likelihood of always/usually versus never using the latrine was significantly greater in the dry cold season (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.18, 1.89, p = 0.001) and in the rainy season (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.69, p = 0.012), than in the dry hot season. Across all three seasons, there was increased likelihood of always/usually and sometimes using the latrine versus never using it among females and where latrines had a door and roof. Older age groups, including those aged 41-59 years and 60+ years, and increase in household size were associated with a decreased likelihood of always/usually using the latrine versus never using it. The leading reason for non-use was a preference for open defecation. Conclusion: Results highlight the low and inconsistent use of subsidized latrines built under the TSC in rural Odisha. This study identifies individual and household levels factors that may be used to target behavior change campaigns to drive consistent use of sanitation facilities by all.
Households’ Toilet Facility in Rural India: Socio-spatial Analysis
The 2030 agenda on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlights the importance of sanitation and sets the Goal #6: ‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all’. While rural households in India have witnessed a marginal improvement in access to toilet facility in recent decades, they continue to face high levels of deprivation along with spatial and socio-economic disparities and exclusions, which have been highlighted in this article using data from Census of India, National Sample Surveys and Baseline Survey. Determinants of households having access to latrine facility in the house have been estimated using an econometric exercise and contribution of caste-based factors of the gap in access among various social groups have been estimated using decomposition technique on household-level information from National Sample Survey data. Households located in backward regions and belonging to the weaker sections of society, such as poor, wage labourers, Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes, have been found to be the most deprived and excluded. Thus, there is an urgent need to pace up the developmental efforts for rural sanitation to achieve the SDGs, along with complementary measures to focus on backward regions, weaker sections and socio-spatial position of households in rural India.
International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 2017
Water-and sanitation-related disease, despite being preventable, remains one of the most significant child health problems worldwide. Poor water and sanitation result in a huge economic burden in terms of health spending, loss of productivity, and labor diversion. [1]
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2018
Background: Even among households that have access to improved sanitation, children's faeces often do not end up in a latrine, the international criterion for safe disposal of child faeces. Methods: We collected data on possible determinants of safe child faeces disposal in a cross-sectional study of 851 children <5 y of age from 694 households in 42 slums in two cities in Odisha, India. Caregivers were asked about defecation and faeces disposal practices for all the children <5 y of age in the household. Results: Only a quarter (25.5%) of the 851 children's faeces were reported to be disposed of in a latrine. Even fewer (22.3%) of the 694 households reported that the faeces of all children <5 y of age in the home ended up in the latrine the last time the child defecated. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with being a safe disposal household were education and religion of the primary caregiver, number of children <5 y of age in the household, wealth, type and location of the latrine used by the household, household members >5 y of age using the latrine for defecation and mobility of children <5 y of age in the household. Conclusions: Few households reported disposing of all of their children's faeces in a latrine. Improving latrine access and specific behaviour change interventions may improve this practice.