Serum Profile of Thyroid Hormones from Birth to Puberty in Buffalo Calves and Heifers (original) (raw)

Dynamics of Thyroid Hormones in Growth and Development of South Indian Sheep (Bannur

Research Article , 2018

From the data bank of livestock census in India, the total sheep in the country is 65 million numbers in 2012, declined by about 9.09% over census 2007. The total sheep contributes around 12.7% of the total livestock population. Karnataka (South Indian province) contributes second highest in sheep population first is Andra Pradesh. Growth and development are continuous and dynamic processes require integration of numerous physiological functions, they influenced by nutrition, efficiency of metabolism, respiration, hormonal regulation, immune responses, physiological status, and maintenance of homeostasis. The physiological and endocrinological events involved in the onset of puberty and estrus cycle are of primary importance. Appropriate thyroid glands function and activity of thyroid hormones (TH) are considered crucial to sustain the productive performance in domestic animals (growth, milk, hair fiber production) and circulating TH can be considered as indicators of the metabolic and nutritional status of the animals. A total of 24 female Bannur sheep (age from 3.5 month to 11 month) were used in this study. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 24 clinically healthy animals in four groups along with body weight also recorded (GI (>3-5 m), GII (>5-7m), GIII (>7-9m) and GIV (>9-11)). Triidothyroxine and Thyroxine estimation was done using immunoassay test kit method. In the present study, the mean serum Triidothyronine (ng/mL) levels ranged from 1.17 ± 0.01 to 1.80 ± 0.01 ng/mL. Positive correlation was observed between the levels of thyroid hormones (T 3) and the age of animal and body weight gain in Bannur ewes. The mean serum thyroxin (μg/dl) levels ranged from 3.98 ± 0.18 to 7.61 ± 0.05 μg/dl. T 4 concentrations elevated at premature phase, where during fattening period growing lambs needed to increase the basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis in their muscles and more of energy to achievements these biological functions, therefore plasma T 4 and glucose concentrations increased in the two last months of fattening period. The age of sheep influenced statically significantly all the investigated parameters. Blood thyroid hormones levels are considered to be good indicators of the nutritional status of an animal.

Age-related functional changes of total thyroid hormones and glycosaminoglycans in growing calves

Veterinary World, 2020

Background and Aim: During the physiological growing, thyroid and proteoglycan glycosaminoglycan (GAG) changes dynamically occur, according to genetic and non-genetic factors. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of early postnatal development (10 days) until 210 days of life on the triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), the relative T4:T3 ratio, and GAGs profile, and to define the different reference intervals of the calf's development through the various growing phases. Materials and Methods: The effect of growing on total thyroid hormones and GAG profiles was studied from 10 days to 210 days of age in 64 clinically healthy Brown calves, 30 males and 34 females. Blood samples were collected at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 days of age. Results: The results showed a significant effect of a calf's growth on T3, T4, and GAG values (p<0.0001). Significant correlations between T3 and T4 were observed. Compared to the previous time point, T3 showed a significant decrease at 20 days and at 60 days (p<0.01), while a significant increase was observed at 90 days and 210 days (p<0.05); T4 showed a significant decrease at 20 days (p<0.01), while significant increases were observed at both 180 days and 210 days (p<0.05); GAGs showed a significant increase at 120 days and 210 days (p<0.05). Positive and significant correlations between BW and GAGs in both males (p<0.0057) and females (p<0.0059) were observed. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the highest T3 and T4 concentrations have been associated with the early growing process (10 days), with an increasing trend also at 210 days, it is possible to hypothesize a probable metabolic effect of thyroid function in anabolic and/or catabolic directions during the calves' development. Likewise, it can be reasonably inferred that the highest plasma GAGs at 210 days may be due to their metabolic role during the development of growing calves. Taken together, these findings suggest the potential and relative contribution made by thyroid and GAGs effects on the dynamics of growing calves.

CHANGES OF THYROID HORMONES IN DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL PERIODS IN WHITE GOATS

Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences

The levels of thyroid hormones are important indicator of metabolic activity. The knowledge of the metabolic activity in different physiological periods, animals readjusted dietary regimen. Therefore, in this study, changes of triiodotironine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones in the blood serum of female (n=14) and male (n=9) white goats were studied for a duration of one year through different physiological periods [breeding (September-October), gestation (November to March), postpartum-sucking (April-May) and milking (June to August)]. Results show that the differences in T3 and T4 hormone levels between sexes are statistically unimportant in breeding, gestation, postpartum-sucking and milking periods, while the changes for each sex between the physiological periods are important (p<0.05). Also, it has been found out that the thyroid hormone levels in different physiological periods are under the influence of the environmental temperature changes.

Serum thyroid hormone evaluation during transition periods in dairy cows

Archives Animal Breeding, 2015

Thirty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected from a high-producing dairy farm in northeastern Italy: 16 in second lactation (L2), 10 in third lactation (L3) and 9 in fourth lactation (L4). Blood sampling was carried out 7 ± 5 days before calving (Pre/C) and 7 ± 5 days after calving (Post/C). Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant effects of class (L2, L3, L4) and of period (Pre/C, Post/C) on the parameters studied (T3, T4, TSH). In particular, Bonferroni's multiple comparison test showed lower values in post-calving than in the pre-calving in L2 and L3 for TSH; lower values in post-calving than in the pre-calving in L2 for T3; and lower values in post-calving than in the pre-calving in L2, L3 and L4 for T4. Our results improve the knowledge of endocrine and metabolic changes occurring in dairy cows during transition periods and may be useful to supply a new strategy for the improvement of dairy cow farm management and reproductive performance.

Changes in Thyroid Hormones Levels and Metabolism in Dairy Cows around Calving

Acta Veterinaria, 2017

The hormonal activity of the thyroid gland has an important role in ruminants for the modulation of metabolic variables. In this study changes in thyroid hormones and biochemical parameters in dairy cows around calving were evaluated and the critical thyroid hormones thresholds for predicting the risk of ketosis were estimated. Blood samples were collected from 82 dairy cows at 5±3 days pre-partum and 5±3 days postpartum. Serum values of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), insulin, glucose, Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and urea were evaluated. Signifi cant decrease in the levels of T3, T4 and TSH was found in the postpartum period. The values of T3 and T4 were negatively correlated with NEFA and BHB levels, and TSH values were negatively correlated with NEFA. A critical T3 threshold was found by means of ROC analysis for predicting the r...

A Study of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Beetal Goats During Different Development Stages

International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management

Thyroid hormones are the key regulators of mammalian physiological functions. These hormones have been shown to be crucial for growth, development, energy metabolism and reproduction (Eiler, 2005). These hormones are known to be important modulators of developmental processes and general metabolism in mammals (Kaneko et al., 2008). They also play an important role in defense against infection through the modulation of innate immune cell function (Spek et al., 2017). Changes in the concentrations of serum thyroxine (T 4) and tri-iodothyronine (T 3) of sheep in seasonal heat and cold stress have already been investigated (Dhanda et al., 2001). Circadian variation in thyroid hormones levels have also been reported in domestic animals (Nazifi et al., 2008).

Studies on Thyroid Hormones and some Biochemical Constituents of Follicular Fluid in Buffalo

Journal of Buffalo Science, 2014

Present study investigated the levels of some biochemical constituents and thyroid hormones in follicular fluid and serum and compared their concentrations in different size follicles of buffaloes. Buffalo ovaries with unknown reproductive status were collected from abattoir. The follicles visible on its surface were classified based on their diameter as small (<5 mm), medium (5-10 mm) and large (>10 mm) follicles. Twenty four samples from follicles along with blood samples of buffaloes belonging to respective category were collected. The follicular fluid and the serum samples were analyzed for total proteins, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and hormones tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine. The results of the present study revealed that, there was no specific trend observed in the levels of total proteins and albumin according to the size of the follicles but there was significant difference (P<0.01) in the levels of total proteins in follicular fluid and serum. The levels of total cholesterol showed increasing trend as the size of the follicle increases but the variations are not statistically significant. The serum total cholesterol concentration was significantly higher (P< 0.01) than that of follicular fluid. There was increasing trend of glucose concentration in the follicular fluid and also in the serum of respective buffalo with increase in the size of the follicle but the difference was non-significant. The serum glucose concentrations were significantly higher than the levels in the follicular fluid. There was no variation in the serum levels of triiodothyronine between buffalo bearing small and medium sized follicle while, highest serum level was observed in buffalo bearing large sized follicle. The significant (P 0.01) increase in the levels of T3 in large sized follicle may attribute to the increase in the activity of monodeioniase enzyme. The follicular fluid thyroxine level showed increasing trend with the size of the follicle but the variation was not significant. There was no significant variation in the levels of T4 in serum and follicular fluid in all the groups.

Clinical endocrinology of thyroid gland function in ruminants

Veterinární medicína, 2012

After briefly introducing the basec steps in production and metabolism of thyroid hormones, the author gives an overview of nutritional, metabolic and disease related factors and endocrine interactions influencing thyroid gland function in ruminants, particularly in the postpartum dairy cow. Involvement of thyroid hormonal regulation of seasonal patterns of reproduction as well as ovarian endocrine function are discussed.