Effect of Tourists Harassments to the Destination Image and Repeat Visit Intention of Tourists: A Case Study of Sri Lanka (original) (raw)
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Conference Proceedings 8th International Conference on Advances in Social Science, Management and Human Behaviour - SMHB, 2018
Tourism generates benefits and costs in terms of economic, social and environmental as a multi-faceted industry in any country. Tourist harassment has become a considerable issue in any destination and it will bring more detriments and also discourage the tourist arrivals. Sri Lanka is known as one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, however, there are evidences to prove that the tourists have been facing different kinds of harassments while staying at the destination and it is not healthy for the future sustainability of the industry is concerned. Therefore, the study aims to identify the prevailing nature of tourist harassment occur in Sri Lanka and analyze the effect of tourist harassment on the destination image of the country. The research was carried out in Southern coastal belt of Sri Lanka where occurred a significant number of harassments. A self-prepared, pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 530 foreign tourists. The collected data was analyzed by employing Descriptive Statistics and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results revealed that six forms of tourist harassment consist in Sri Lanka based on Consumption, Expression, Community, Vocal, Sexuality and Drugs. Among the six, only the vocal based harassment has significantly impact on destination image of Sri Lanka. Further, the tourist harassment occurred vary due to the several factors like adoption of local culture by the tourists at the destination, imitating the foreign culture by local community, availability of strong resistances on tourist harassment etc. Moreover, the tourists make efforts to tolerate the tourist harassments except vocal based harassments.
Tourist harassment is one of the major challenging issues influencing the competitiveness of various tourist destinations across the globe. While the topic has received some attention over the past two decades, there is still a dearth of research on the influence of tourist harassment on travelers' perceptions and behaviors. Drawing on qualitative data collected through 27 semi-structured interviews with international travelers visiting Petra, Jordan, the study reveals that the perceived destination image and travelers' behavioral intentions are unlikely to be influenced by harassment experiences. However, there is evidence that harassing tourists to achieve greater sales has an adverse impact on tourists' expenditure level. That is, when harassed, tourists are less likely to be willing to make purchases. The study adds to a still-maturing stream of research on tourist harassment and provides several theoretical as well as practical implications.
5 Tourist Harassment and Responses
Tourism management: …, 2007
The expansion of tourism into new geographic and cultural frontiers has highlighted the importance of visitor satisfaction and safety. This chapter provides a review of the literature on tourist harassment, a relatively neglected area of study. The first section briefly examines the nature of harassment and offers a benchmark definition: 'any annoying behaviour taken to the extreme.' The second reviews the extent and types of harassment principally in developing-world destinations from the limited literature available. The chapter covers macro as well as individual vendor or micro types of harassment. The chapter gives some emphasis to two trouble spots: the Caribbean in general and Jamaica in particular. The third section presents two case studies where surveyed research has tracked the contours of harassment in detail: Barbados and Turkey. The fourth section notes some causal factors from the history of destinations with considerable experience. The chapter also offers general policy implications as well as ten specific steps tourism destination strategists might consider for preventing or responding to harassment.
Domestic Tourism challenges: Tourist misbehavior
Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, Suez Canal University, 2021
Domestic tourism in the Alexandria governorate suffers from many challenges as challenging tourist behaviors. The aim of the study is to investigate existing proper behavior instructions in hotels, beaches, and archaeological sites in Alexandria Governorate show the frequent tourist misbehavior and activate the role of tourism and hotel stakeholders in avoiding these behaviors; highlight the domestic tourism challenges and eventually, present recommendations on improving services provided to the tourists in Alex. A quantitative survey with a questionnaire was targeted domestic tourists who had previously spent their holidays in Alexandria Governorate and stayed in its hotels. The sample consisted of 354 participants. Data revealed the inadequate of existing proper behavior instructions and the weak role of tourism and hospitality stakeholders to increase awareness of domestic tourists towards proper behaviors on tourist beaches, in hotels, and archeological places. The study also found out occurrences frequencies of improper behaviors of the domestic tourists that merit the most immediate attention before its exacerbation. The study also revealed challenges related to tourism of beaches as inadequate services and the absence of many tourist facilities. The study recommends firstly, developing the infrastructure services that are right for the customers' need; setting ground rules for visitor behavior to crack down on tourist misbehaving tourists, and finally, encouraging and supporting positive behaviors among domestic tourists through announcing periodic competitions among Egyptian visitors in touristic places and choosing the perfect local tourist.
A qualitative cognitive appraisal of tourist harassment
2019
Although hostility against tourists has gained a respectable amount of research attention over the last two decades, tourist harassment has proved to be an elusive topic for researchers. This study makes an important contribution to the literature by demonstrating the multidimensional nature of tourist harassment, with attention paid to the application of cognitive appraisal theory. We argue the need for an in-depth understanding of victims' perspective of tourist harassment. The study involved 19 on-site interviews conducted in Ghana. The results show that tourists are subjected to aggressive and passive forms of harassment. The qualitative inquiry revealed that harassment has substantial effects on tourists' cognitive assessment, emotional response, coping strategy, destination image, and future intentions. Expressing annoyance and making behavioral adjustments were the more notable emotional and coping responses recorded. Although respondents were generally confident about recommending Ghana as a destination in spite of the harassment, they were divided in terms of their intentions to revisit the destination.
Abstract Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world and has become the fourth largest income earner of the Sri Lankan economy. After ending the thirty years old terrorism problem in 2009 the tourist arrival is increasing gradually and exceeded 1.5 million of tourist arrival in 2014. Also, the country has identified tourism as one of its economic development strategy and targeted to attract 2.5 millions of tourists by 2016. Since the tourist arrival is increasing gradually and also expecting more arrivals, it is necessary to pay attention to understand the behavioural and psychological aspects of the tourists precisely and accurately. The North and East parts of the country which were highly affected by the terrorism problem presently has become as popular tourism destinations. Therefore, it is important and necessary to identify the travel determinants, satisfaction and behavioural intentions of the tourists. This study attempts to recognize the travel experiences and behavioural intentions of the tourists who visit Eastern province of Sri Lanka. The study is conducted as a questionnaire survey using 384 respondents according to Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, Kruskal Wallis test, and regression analysis. The results indicate that all the determinants of travel experiences were positively correlated with the behavioural intention. And it is noticed that the tourists’ behavioural intention varies according to their occupation, where trade persons have higher positive behavioural intentions over other professions. The study also concludes that there is a linear relationship between the determinants of travel experiences and the behavioural intentions of the tourists; among them the highest impact is from the quality of tourist attractions. Hence in order to attract more tourists, the government should prioritize on improving quality levels of tourist attractions.
Marketing Sri Lanka: Altering a negative tourist image
Proceedings of the 9th Academic Sessions, University of Ruhuna , 2011
Destination marketers use the image often to convey the positive attributes of the destination yet identification of negative attributes and finding solutions to alter the existing image held by the target market segment so that it fits more closely with the destination's desired position can be considered as a strategy that makes future customers happy. Sri Lanka being a highly touristic country with abundance of historical, cultural, and natural attractions receives tourists from all around the world. End of the civil war made Sri Lanka a safer destination and that made the country as the best destination to be visited according the New York Times Magazine's rankings in 2010. The aim of this study was to identify the positive and negative image factors associated with the destination and to make suggestions for altering the identified negative attributes. A survey of 148 international tourists visited the country during 2010 was done by using a structured questionnaire that measures 39 image attributes. Factor Analysis results recognized 12 factors and 4 of them were related to negative image attributes. Poor facilitating services, inadequate infrastructure, expensive charges, and disturbing begging dampen the spirits of tourists. Sri Lanka can be positioned as one of the best tourist destinations on the world map only after these factors are improved. In the end this study draws different strategies to deal with the prevailing problems associated with negative attributes of the Sri Lanka as international travel destination.
Introduction Schuman (1995) studied about an attitude is defined as a positive or negative evaluation of an object where an attitude object is a person, thing, event, or issue. Business dictionary (2012) defines perception as “the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. It is the state of being or process of becoming aware of something in such a way.” The process by which people translate sensory impressions into a coherent and unified view of the world around them. Though necessarily based on incomplete and unverified (or unreliable) information, perception is equated with reality for most practical purposes and guides human behavior in general. Attitude and perception is closely related to each other. Tourism is one of the main industries in Sri Lanka. Major tourist attractions are focused around the island's famous beaches located in the southern and eastern parts of the country, ancient heritage sites located in the interior of the country and lush green resorts located in the mountainous regions of the country. Ismail and Mustafa (2011) concluded that top three beaches in Ampara Districts are Arugam Bay, Oluvil and Maruthamunai beaches. Arugam Bay, Oluvil and Maruthamunai are famous for beaches. Therefore, these three beaches are considered for knowing attitudinal perception of tourists in South Eastern Region.
Tourism hospitality management, 2018
Ritual beach sites are considered as one of the major travel motives for the tourists to visit Sri Lanka. Jaffna is rich with wonderful ritual beach sites including Keerimalai and Villunri areas. Many local and foreign tourists arrive at these ritual beach sites every day. Ensuring safety of tourists in the tourist destinations is considered as one of the important factors which determine the revisit and for remaining the higher number of tourist arrivals. But, the studies about the risks for tourists at the destinations, especially in the ritual beach sites, were very rarely conducted by the researchers. Therefore, a study to explore the tourism risks at the ritual beach site was considered very important. Further, if the tourists feel that the particular destination is risky, the image of the destination shall be affected and also tourists may negatively convey the message to others. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to identify the factors influencing the tourism ris...
Do Safety Measures Implement Tourist’s Choice for Tourist Destinations.doc
tourismos
Crime was associated with travel centuries ago, even prior to the development of modern mass tourism. In earlier days, crimes like assault, battery, robbery, mugging, and stagecoach holdups were very common parts of the travel experience. However, with the development of tourism as a major global industry, increased concern about visitors’ safety became paramount particularly in developed nations. In Europe and North America - for instance - travel advisories are routinely issued warning citizens to avoid countries and airports where incidents of security take place. Besides, operators in hospitality and travel industries also tend to issue regular travel safety pamphlets to alert tourists to possible criminal activity in host destinations. Accordingly, when incidents of security such as crime, terrorism, wars, riots and/or civil unrest occur in a particular destination, the image of the destination is affected and tourist arrivals decline regardless whether the victims were tourists or local residents who have nothing to do with the tourism industry. The current study aimed at identifying the attributes of tourism criminal incidents in Egypt and examining the impact of such incidents on visitors' perceptions of and decisions for visiting and/or revisiting the Egyptian destination. The study included two phases of data collection, analysis and interpretation. The first phase focused on identifying the different acts of tourism crime in Egypt through the analysis and interpretation of secondary data derived from the records of the Egyptian tourism police authority over three consecutive years while the second, phase focused on exploring visitors' perceptions of and decisions for visiting and/or revisiting an affected destination through the implementation of the survey method. Finally, the study ends up with proposing some travel safety recommendations that could be helpful in alerting both visitors and operators in the hospitality and travel industry to possible criminal incidents in the Egyptian destination and the means of avoiding and/or overcoming such incidents. Key words: tourism - crime - destination - visitation – image.