The Determinants of Gender Asset Gap in Ghana by Charity Ackuaku (10242156) a Thesis Submitted to the University of Ghana, Legon in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Philosophy (Mphil) Degree in Economics (original) (raw)
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Gender Inequality and Ghanaian Economic Growth (1991-2017)
Ege University/Department of Regional Development Economics, Master Degree, İzmir, Turkey,, 2019
This study investigates the relationship between gender inequality and economic growth in Ghana between 1991 to 2017. It looks at the determinants of female contribution to economic growth in Ghana as well as to examine the relationship between women's participation and economic growth in Ghana. Data from World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank was used in the econometric analyses. The major findings were that Male School Enrolment and Female Employment Rate have significant impact on the economic growth of Ghana. However, while Male Enrolment had negative relationship with GDP, Female Enrolment had positive relationship. Based on the findings, I recommended that the issue of gender equality should be a matter of interest to the government, if the powers that be are really bent on achieving the sustainable development goal 5 which would engender structural transformation of the Ghanaian economy; the government should make prudent investment to create employment opportunities, boost education standard, and more significantly try reducing the bottlenecks that cause inequality in gender.
Asset Ownership by Women in Urban and Rural South West Nigeria
Economics, 2020
In improving the welfare of women asset ownership plays a key role. Therefore this paper examined asset ownership by women in urban and rural South West (SW) Nigeria. Secondary data from Demographic and Health Survey 2013 was used. Data on 1551 rural and 4323 urban women in SW Nigeria was used. Information on their socioeconomic characteristics and assets (physical and natural) was obtained. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, multiple correspondence analysis and probit regression. In rural and urban South West the mean age was 30 years. The mean household size in rural and urban SW was 6 and 5 persons respectively. Mobile telephone has a proportionally far higher weight (0. 043, 0.050) and radio too (0.037, 0.042) than the remaining assets in rural and urban SW. From the probit regression nine variables were found to be statistically significant at various levels in both rural and urban South West. The significant variables in rural SW were age (25-34) (-0.30), age 35-49 (0.51), employed in agric and allied sector (0.17), incomplete secondary school education (-0.14), complete secondary school education (-0.16), higher education (0.84), being a female household head (0.17), marital status-married (0.63). In the urban SW the variables that are significant are age-35-49 (-0.32), skilled and unskilled employment (0.13), employed in agric. and allied sector (-0.50), employed in the services sector (0.10), incomplete secondary education (0.24), complete secondary education (0.28), household sized 6-10 persons (-0.12), >10 persons household size (-0.23). Conceited efforts should therefore be put in place by women agencies to enact policies that will help women to own more assets.
Level of asset ownership by women in rural North-East and South-East Nigeria
Women's Studies International Forum, 2018
Women accumulate and hold assets over time to improve their welfare. However, information on the level of asset ownership of women is scanty. Therefore this study examined the level of asset ownership by women in rural North East and South East, Nigeria. Data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2013 was used. Information from 5024 from North East (NE) and 1502 women from South East (SE) with adequate information were used for the analyses. Data on socioeconomic characteristics {age, household size, marital status, educational level and assets (physical and natural)} were extracted. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple correspondence analysis, composite score and ordered probit regression at α 0.05. Mean age and household size in NE and SE were 28.77 ± 9.57, 29.62 ± 10.04 years; 7.51 ± 4.02, 5.59 ± 2.79 persons respectively. Highest number (66.94%) of women were married in North East and 63.38% were married in South East, while 66.94% had no formal education in North East and 3.79% in South East. Women owned physical assets such as mobile phone (60.41%, 82.69%), radio (50.94%, 73.77%) and natural assets such as land (5.39%) in North East and South East respectively. Women in the intermediate category of asset ownership constitute (76.02%, 63.58%) followed by the low and high categories with (11.48%, 17.11%) and (12.50%, 19.31%) in North East and South East, respectively. In the NE employment type (agriculture and allied, −0.23), gender of household head (female, −0.23), marital status (married, −0.08) reduced asset ownership. Employment type (skilled manual, 0.09; services, 0.16), household size (0.05) and educational level (primary, 0.27; secondary, 0.70; higher, 1.92) improved asset ownership. Also for the SE, employment type (agriculture and allied, −0.39), gender of household head (female, −0.64), reduced asset ownership while employment type (professional/ managerial, 0.28), household size (0.03) and educational level (primary, 0.54; secondary, 0.90; higher, 1.16) improved asset ownership. Local and international agencies working with women should embark on enlightenment programs for communities on the need for women to increase the level of assets they own.
Research on gender earnings gap in Ghana is relatively a very new area of social research, and one is therefore not in a position to tell how acute the earnings differential is in the Ghanaian economy. This paper uses the median regression to model the Oaxaca (1973) Decomposition Methodology to estimate the Households Heads annual gender earnings gap using data of the Ghana Living Standards Survey 7 (GLSS7) to contribute to designing effective measures for reducing gender earnings discrimination in the sub-Saharan Africa. Findings suggests that males Household Heads in Ghana from the GLSS 7 with sample average female characteristics earn 61% more than female Household Heads in Ghana from the GLSS 7 data with matching level of characteristics, ceteris paribus. Considering the fact that in 2020, the Global Gender Earnings Gap score, based on the population-weighted average, stands at 68.6 percent, Ghana gender earnings gap is nearer to the global threshold and while the global remaining gap to close is 31.4 percent that of Ghana's remaining earnings gap to close from the GLSS 7 data is now 39 percent.
Gender Inequality in Key Sectors in Ghana: Current Trends, Causes and Interventions
2020
Cinsiyet esitsizliginin her iki politika ve Akademi cok onem kazanmis sorunlarindan biridir. Soruna verilen dikkatin artmasi, hem kisa hem de uzun vadeli gelisime etkilerinin kitlesel olarak kabul edilmesinin bir sonucu olmustur. Kadinlari dezavantajli durumlara yerlestirmis ve boylece buyumelerini ve gelisimlerini azaltmis olsa da, cesitli ulkelerde insan sermayesinin optimal kullanimini da tehlikeye atmistir. Gana'da, kadinlarin genellikle ikinci sinif vatandaslar olarak ele alindigi cinsiyet esitsizligi ataerkillige kadar izlenebilir. Gana'daki kadinlar cesitli yasam alanlarinda yetersiz kalirken, uc ana alan egitim, ekonomi ve politik katilimdir. Bu makale, yukarida belirtilen uc alanda cinsiyet esitsizligindeki mevcut egilimleri tartismaktadir. Ayni zamanda esitsizliklerin nedenlerini de sorguluyor. Makale, Gana'daki cinsiyet esitsizligini cozmek icin kabul edilen mudahaleleri kesfederek sona eriyor.
Gender, institutions, and resource allocation: Panel evidence from Ghana
Research Papers in Economics, 2021
In this paper we analyze the gender yield gap among smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana. We estimate a linear regression with crop, household, year fixed effects to examine the impact of gender on crop output and input use. We find evidence of a male/female yield and input gap in the same household, for the same crop. This suggests that these smallholder households may not be behaving Pareto efficiently. This may be a result of what we refer to as "institutional drivers" that prevent women from accessing or affording markets for inputs and output, or "bargaining power" drivers or factors that are decided at the household level through intrahousehold bargaining. We attempt to disentangle possible institutional drivers from bargaining power drivers by studying asymmetric input and output prices, credit access, and land tenure. To explore these institutional drivers, we modify our basic regression model either by changing the dependent variable, limiting the sample, or adding additional controls.
Gender Inequality and its Implications on Economic Development of South Western Nigeria
International Journal of Publication and Social Studies
Gender Inequality remains one of the many problems facing the African continent. Perhaps among the many spheres riddled with this problem is the economy of the continent which has been extensively affected. In Nigeria, particularly the South Western corner of the country occupied predominantly by the Yoruba, women have been observed to contribute immensely to the economy growth and social stability. Interestingly however, women in the region have been clothing others with the social and economic contributions while metaphorically remaining naked. This paper aims at making an assessment of this phenomenon and its overall implication to economic growth and development of the region. The methodology adopted for this work is historical approach. Hence, the study is based on primary and secondary sources. The primary sources comprise of oral interview, newspapers, government gazettes, while relevant books were consulted as useful secondary sources. The study concludes that gender inequality affects economic development of the region to a reasonable extent. Contribution/ Originality: This paper contributes to the existing literature by making an assessment of this phenomenon and its overall implication to economic growth and development of the region.
Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: A Gender Gap Approach
Macro Management & Public Policies, 2021
Ability to have access and use financial goods and services such as bank and mobile money accounts indicates the overall financial inclusion level of an economy and the higher the indices are in any economy, the better that economy is. Financial inclusion is important to realize inclusive growth in any country. It has direct impacts on the level of growth and development experienced by any economy. It can however, be skewed along gender lines as noticed overtime in the Nigerian economy and other developing economies. This study examined financial inclusion in Nigeria: a gender gap approach. It also determined the factors responsible for the gender gaps. The Global Findex (2014) dataset of Nigeria from World Bank database was used to analyse the aims of the study. In the study, 61% of the men were financially included, while only 43% of the female were financially included, with 18% gap. The gap in endowments accounted for the huge difference of the gap in outcomes as males seemed to...