Stratigraphy of a Basaltic Planetoid - 4 Vesta and the HEDs (original) (raw)
Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits
Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits, 2012
is a geologist/petrologist with a strong interest in structure and petrology of ophiolites in Turkey, neotectonics of Turkey, petrology of plutonic rocks, tephrochronology and geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Turkey. His teaching interests include plate tectonics, mantle dynamics and global tectonics, ophiolite and oceanic lithosphere, magmatism and tectonic settings, petrology of basaltic rocks, volcano morphology, field geology, Quaternary, carbonate petrology, optical mineralogy, special microscopic petrography. He did his graduate work (MS and PhD) in the University of Suleyman Demirel. He is still lecturer at the Department of Geological Engineering in the Engineering Faculty of Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey. He teaches and tutors national and international MSc and PhD students. He visited some of European universities in the framework of specific scholarship programmes, university projects, scientific cooperations. He believes that geology is a lot like detective work. Contents Preface XI Section Application of Geophysical Techniques in Stratigraphic Investigations 1 Chapter Medium to Shallow Depth Stratigraphic Assessment Based on the Application of Geophysical Techniques 3 Roberto Balia Chapter Seismic Stratigraphy and Marine Magnetics Preface This book contains eleven chapters dealing with investigation of stratified layers from different geologic settings, using different methods. Book chapters were separated into four main sections: i) Application of Geophysical Techniques in Stratigraphic Investigations, ii) Biostratigraphy, iii) Sequence Stratigraphy, and iv) Tectonostratigraphy. There are 4 chapters in the first section, including application of different geophysical methods in the investigation of stratified layers. In the second section, there are four chapters dealing with stratigraphic analysis and paleoenvironmental investigations of layered basin deposits from north America, Mediterranean region and Asian region. Third section includes one chapter interpreting the sequence stratigraphy of Paleocene formations from northern Iraq. Fourth section includes two chapters and discusses sedimentation mainly and tectonic processes occured during orogenic and epirogenic events, giving example from North America and North Asia. Application of geophysical techniques in stratigraphic investigations The first chapter, "Medium to shallow depth stratigraphic assessment based on the application of geophysical techniques" by Balia, R., discusses the importance of geophysical studies in different branchs of the geological studies and subsurface investigations such as geotechnical studies for building foundation design, waste landfill design, aquifers monitoring and evaluation, and sea water intrusion control. Also, it deals with interpretation of the geophysical data to clarify some geological characteristics such as thickness, composition and hydrogeology of the unconsolidated cover, depth to bedrock. The second chapter, "Seismic stratigraphy and marine magnetics of the Naples Bay (Southern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy): the onset of new technologies in marine data acquisition, processing and interpretation" by Aiello, G. et al., deals with interpretation of seismic stratigraphy and marine magnetics from Somma-Vesuvius offshore, Phlegrean Fields offshore and Ischia and Procida offshore (Naples Bay, Southern Tyrrhenian sea). Chapter 3, "Ground penetrating radar a useful tool for shallow subsurface stratigraphy characterization" by Leucci, G. explains the ground-penetrating radar XII Preface (GPR) and technical features of the GPR method. Evaluation of the GPR data from the Salento peninsula and the stratigraphical relationships between the geological formations, "Galatone Formation" and "Lecce Formation" are discussed in the chapter. Chapter 4, "Orbital Control on Carbonate-Lignite Cycles in the Ptolemais Basin, Northern Greece-an Integrated Stratigraphic Approach" by Weber, M.E. et al. discusses a link between the past variations in earth's orbit and cyclic variability of sediment parameters. As a case study, the chronology and related paleoclimatic processes for the late Neogene lacustrine sediment from the Ptolemais Basin (northern Greece) are present. Moreover, the cyclic lignite marl alternations in the Ptolemais Basin are compared with orbital time series. Biostratigraphy Chapter 5, "The Muhi Quarry: A Fossil-lagerstätte from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) of Hidalgo, central Mexico" by Cuevas, V.M.B., et al. presents the characterization of mid-Cretaceous fossil assemblage of the Muhi Quarry (central Mexico). In the chapter, depositional conditions of fossil materials are discussed in general sense, then lithostratigraphy of the quarry area is given briefly and the fossil assemblage of the area is classified considering taphonomic indicators such as i) anatomical completeness, ii) disarticulation, and iii) fragmentation. Moreover, marine conditions at the time of sedimentation processes are discussed in detail. Chapter 6, "Pliocene Mediterranean foraminiferal biostratigraphy: a synthesis and application to the paleoenvironmental evolution of Northwestern Italy" by Violanti, D. covers application of biostratigraphic concepts and methods to the Pliocene foraminiferal assemblages of the central Piedmont (Northwestern Italy). Chapter 7, "The Paleogene Dinoflagellate Сyst and Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy of the Caspian Depression" Vasilyeva, O. and Musatov, V. deals mainly with interpretation of the sedimentary cover including accumulations of oil, gas and potassium salts in the Pricaspian Depression in the southeast of the East European Platform, one of the deepest depressions formed over the Baikal folded basement. Interpretation of the sedimentary cover mainly concentrates on (1) biostratigraphic division of the Paleogene section in the Central Pricaspian Region (the Elton key well) and dating the regional lithostratons; (2) correlation of the beds from the Central and the Northern Pricaspian Regions; (3) comparisons of the biostratigraphic zones in the Pricaspian Region; (4) interpretation of the marine conditions by means of analyzing paleoecologic characteristics of the phytoplankton associations. Chapter 8, "Late Silurian-Middle Devonian Miospores " by Kermandji, A.M.H. deals mainly with investigation of late Silurian to early Devonian miospore biozones and also with early Middle Devonian miospores regarding their biozonation consequence and evolutionary significance from the Sahara Algeria. Moreover, the miospore Preface XIII zonation in the Lower and Middle Silurian and Devonian of Euramerica and Western Gondwana are compared and discussed in a regional scale in the framework of Paleotethyan evolution. Sequence stratigraphy Chapter 9, "Paleocene stratigraphy in Aqra and Bekhme areas, northern Iraq" by Al-Banna, N.Y. deals mainly with the Paleocene Kolosh Formation of flysch type deposits outcropping in the northern part of Iraq close to the border with Turkey. Detailed field lithological description, petrographic descriptions of the rock units, and identification of foraminifera assemblages from the northern Iraq are given, comparing with other regions. Facies and depositional setting are discussed and modeled in the chapter. Tectonostratigraphy Chapter 10, "Sedimentary tectonics and stratigraphy: the early Mesozoic record in central to northeastern Mexico" by Barboza-Gudiño, J.R. deals with stratigraphic subdivisions, correlations and interpretations of the early Mesozoic units outcropping in central to northeastern Mexico, using petrographic, geochemical and geochronologic methods. The relationship between the composition of the clastic sedimentary rocks and specific tectonic setting or tectonic regimes are discussed in general sense. Additionaly, the connection between the Pacific and Atlantic during the Mesozoic time are discussed on the base of the sedimentary successions. Chapter 11, "Tektono-stratigraphy as a reflection of accretion tectonics processes (on an example of the Nadankhada-Bikin terrane of the Sikhote-Alin Jurassic accretionary prism, Russia Far East)" by Kemkin, I.V., presents lithological-biostratigraphic study of chert-terrigenous formations of the Nadankhada-Bikin terrane of the Sikhote-Alin Jurassic accretionary prism.
State of the art in Regional Stratigraphy
2013
Stratigraphy analyzes and formalizes rock sequences. Analysis encompasses the description of matrix, mineral - and fossil content, with the aim of determining depositional processes, relative age, environmental and climatic conditions as well as paleogeography. Formalization involves the attribution of a rock sequence within litho-, bio- and/or time-stratigraphic units. While the extent of space in litho-stratigraphic units is forcibly restricted to a territory, often of tectonic nature, but also by national limits, bio-stratigraphy is limited by provinciality, climate and environment. The aim of Time-stratigraphy is thus more of a virtual nature, unit- boundaries being defined at type localities, the process of defining Global Standard Sections and Points (GSSP) having been taken over by the International Commission of Stratigraphy (Gradstein et al., 2004), not always reflecting the work of scientists in the field. STRATI-2013 will promote discussions and proposals. Keywords:Region...
GSA TODAY, 2001
INTRODUCTION The central goal of sedimentary geology is to interpret the history of Earth's surface from sedimentary rocks. We develop competing hypotheses, debate, discuss, and compare, but un-like areas of science that deal in accessible time and space scales, in ...
Recent developments in quantitative stratigraphy
1988
During the past 10 years, about 150 scientists in 25 countries have collaborated under the auspices of the International Geological Correlation Programme Project No. 148: Evaluation and Development of Quantitative Stratigraphical Correlation Techniques. This paper reviews mathematical methods of stratigraphical correlation, mainly in biostratigraphy but also in chronostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy. Sequencing methods treat the relative order of stratigraphic events such as the highest occurrences of fossil taxa as observed in many sections. Intervals between successive events in an ordered sequence can be estimated and the results expressed in linear time if a subgroup of the stratigraphical events can be dated. Recently such methods have been used to develop a new deep-water benthic foraminiferal zonation for the Cenozoic strata of the Central and Viking Grabens, North Sea. Several regional hiatuses of 2 to 5 m.y. in duration, can be recognized and matched to changes in sea level. The same methods have been used for automated isochron contouring with error bars in depth or time units in Cenozoic and Cretaceous basins, off eastern Canada. Such information may be used for automated basin history analysis. Time-successive assemblages of fossils can be established by using multivariate methods applied to co-occurrences of events or by the method of unitary associations in conjunction with graph-theory on the overlap of stratigraphical ranges. Other methods for stratigraphical correlation reviewed in this paper include the composite standard method and estimation of the age of chronostratigraphical boundaries using maximum likelihood and cubic spline interpolations. Attractions of quantitative stratigraphy are the use of rigorous methodology which highlights many properties of the data, the ability to handle large and complex data bases in an objective manner, and statistical evaluation of the uncertainty in the results. Generally, little conceptual orientation is required in order to use these methods and thereby gain more information from a particular dataset. INTRODUCTION-IGCP PROJECT 148 The IGCP Project "Evaluation and Development of Quantitative Stratigraphical Correlation Techniques" was initiated in 1976 for the purpose of developing computer-based mathematical theory and analysis of geological information which can be applied to obtain automated correlation techniques in stratigraphy. These techniques are especially important in analysis of hydrocarbons and * Geological Survey of Canada Contribution No. 15487. coal bearing basins. The Project was terminated in 1986 and this paper describes final results. The rapid growth of data in stratigraphy has led to an increased demand for quantification of the data for machine-handling and graphic display. Quantitative stratigraphy is useful in this connection because it helps to organize the data in novel ways. Specific problems can be solved by establishing regional standards of ordered stratigraphical events and correlating sections with one another on the basis of these standards preferably with estimates of uncertainty.
Volume 23: Topics in Geobiology. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 488 p., 2005
Stratigraphy has come to be indispensable to nearly all branches of the earth sciences, assisting such endeavors as charting the course of evolution, understanding ancient ecosystems, and furnishing data pivotal to finding strategic mineral resources. This book focuses on traditional and innovative stratigraphy techniques and how these can be used to reconstruct the geological history of sedimentary basins and in solving manifold geological problems and phenomena.