Democracy and Women in Turkey: In Defense of Liberalism (original) (raw)

Democratic Backsliding and the Instrumentalization of Women's Rights in Turkey

politics and gender, 2021

This article examines the instrumentalization of women's rights and the transformation of the gender rights regime in the context of democratic backsliding in Turkey. I show how the Islamically rooted Justice and Development Party governments and their allies used women's rights in constructing authoritarian rule and promoting a conservative gender agenda. The governing elites had different needs at different political stages and instrumentalized women's rights to meet those needs. First, they needed to legitimize their rule in a secular context, so they expanded liberal laws on women's rights. Second, in the process of backsliding, they sought to construct and legitimize their conservative ideology, so they reinterpreted existing laws to promote conservative goals. Finally, they wanted to mobilize conservative women in support of the newly authoritarian regime, so they built new institutions and marginalized existing women's NGOs. The article contributes to the literature on regime types and gender rights by shifting the focus from regime type to regime change.

Engendering democracy in Turkey: The efforts of women's organizations and gendered outcomes

In analyzing women’s roles in democratization processes, the gender and transition literature focuses on women’s activism before and during the transition of an authoritarian regime towards a democratic one. When it comes to the post-transitional phase; i.e. the consolidation of democracy, the literature usually shifts its focus on the participation of women in formal political institutions to see if the goals of women’s activism have been realized in the newly democratized regime. Although the participation of women in the formal political arena is important for influencing the laws, regulations and policies regarding women’s rights and gender equality, substantial changes in women’s rights regime depend heavily on the vitality of women’s civil societal organizations (CSOs) who can monitor state’s policies on women, point to shortcomings in laws, pressure for gender-sensitive institutional changes and continue to raise public awareness on women’s rights. Employing the case of Turkey’s democratic consolidation process, the paper examines the agency of organized women under the rule of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP). Drawing upon the information gathered from in-depth interviews, document analysis and academic surveys on violence against women, women’s rights and discrimination against women, the paper first presents the activities of four groups of women’s CSOs in Turkey- feminist, Kurdish, Islamist and Kemalist women’s CSOs. It then outlines their participation in political decision making processes regarding the aforementioned three issue areas and how the AKP government responds to the demands of women’s CSOs. Thereby, the paper discusses the challenges and barriers women’s CSOs confront in policy making processes. Drawing on findings, the paper critically discusses the role of women’s CSOs in the democratic consolidation process in Turkey. It concludes that increased civic and political participation of organized women have engendered Turkish democracy.

Women and Civil Society in Turkey: Women’s Movements in a Muslim Society

Review of Women and Civil Society in Turkey: Women’s Movements in a Muslim Society by Ömer Çaha (Surrey: Ashgate, 2013). Book review appeared at E-International Relations, 16 February 2014, 2014

The book, written by Ömer Çaha who is a professor of political science and who has been working on women’s issues and women’s movement for many years, is an in-depth summary of the development of the civil society in Turkey and the role that women’s organizations and feminist movements played in this growing civil sphere. Students of political science, women’s studies and sociology might specifically benefit from the book. Since the title is Women and Civil Society in Turkey: Women’s Movements in a Muslim Society, one also wonders about the development of civil society and feminist ideas in other Muslim societies. Turkey is a country of at times contradictory worldviews – one more oriented towards the west and European mode of enlightenment and life style and the other being more oriented towards Islam and the Middle East. A comparative analysis of civil society and women’s activism in Turkey with experiences in other countries and regions would definitely necessitate the substantial data provided by the author through his wide and historical coverage and exploration of the subject matter.

The women's movement in Turkey

2012

This paper examines the evolution of women"s movement throughout the history, from the late times of Ottoman Empire until today. It emphasizes on the various categories of feminist movements that have been formulated, such as Kemalists, Islamists, and radical feminists, liberal and Kurdish feminists. It aims to present the change that feminist movements brought in favour of women rights by bringing "private" topics like violence against women to the political agenda, and finding solutions for women"s problems. The impact of Europeanization process cannot be denied especially in the empowerment of civil society and the formation of NGOs concerning women issues pointing out deficiencies and asking for the improvement of women"s status in Turkey.

The role of women in the formation of civil society in post-1980 Turkey

1993

Ankara : Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Bilkent Univ., 1993.Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Bilkent University, 1993.Includes bibliographical references leaves 315-341This study aims to draw a theoretical discussion on the features of the Turkish feminist groups and their contributions to the development of civil society in post-1980 Turkey. It has been reached to the conclusion that Turkish feminist groups have created a new set of politics in Turkey through the success of changing many women's and men's thinking. Through the focus on conciseness raising, on non- oppressive relations between man and woman, on creating a counter-culture and alternative institutions, Turkish feminist groups have represented a new politics in Turkey. Turkish feminist groups have incorporated into particular as well as universal discourses. With respect to their particular discourses feminist groups serve for the aims of the Turkish state. However, With respect to the common disc...

Research Project Report " Comparing women's movements in different cities in Turkey " V. On the relationship between women's movement(s) and the authoritarian neo-liberal regime in Turkey

Turkey has been passing through another dark age of its political history. In this period, while secular middle classes, Alevis, leftists and definitely most of the Kurdish population have been feeling under real threat in different ways, feminist activists have also turned into a political target of the new power block. By considering this political context as the historical framework of the research on “Women’s movements in Turkey”, this paper aims to explore the question of how to analyse women’s movement(s) within this general socio-political context of Turkey; what we should concern about while conducting a research on such topic that as had been done by this team who work at the Faculty of Education, Intercultural Education Unit, Bremen University. In other words, the particular focus of my discussion here would be the relationship between the present political context with the issues concerning women’s movement(s) in Turkey. Within this framework, I want to question the effects of neoliberal regimes on our political life and on our feminist politics. I shall also remark on how to read the inner dynamics and diversity within women’s movement(s) from a political perspective which is sensitive to the present political crisis in Turkey.