Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peels and evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy (original) (raw)
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2021
In this research study, we reported a convenient and environmentally friendly method for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis (navel orange) peel. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were identified by colour change from colourless to dark brown due to surface plasmon resonance. The optimal synthesis condition for the AgNPs was determined by varifying different parameters such as peel extract concentration, temperature, AgNO3 concentration, effect of ratio of peel extract to AgNO3 solution, pH and reaction time. The synthesized nanoparticles were identified using the UV-vis spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of peel extract was performed to determine the presence of the alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, triterpenes and tannins. The presence of the phytochemicals were also confirmed by ...
Environmental friendly approach or green chemistry synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has become new growing branch in nanobiotehnology. In this present work a simple and environmental friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using Citrus reticulata fruit peels aqueous extract as the reducing agent guided by the principles of green chemistry. The fruit peels aqueous extract was challenged with silver nitrate solution for the production of AgNPs in room temperature. The crystalline phase and morphology of AgNPs were determined from UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The UV-Vis spectrum indicated that the surface plasmon broad peak was observed at 466 nm after 6hr of incubation. XRD spectrum revealed that the average size of Citrus reticulata fruit peels aqueous extract mediated AgNPs obtained approximately 24 nm by using the Debye-Scherrer equation. SEM image showed uniformly distributed AgNPs on the surface of the cell with high agglomeration. EDX analysis revealed that the presence of silver which was confirmed by the Ag peak at 3.28 keV. In addition, the Citrus reticulata fruit peels aqueous extract mediated AgNPs loaded discs were tested for antibacterial properties against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Klebsiella pneumoniae and found that the obtained metallic AgNPs have a good antibacterial activity and can be used for biological applications.
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2011
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved by a novel, simple green chemistry procedure using citrus sinensis peel extract as a reducing and a capping agent. The effect of temperature on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out at room temperature (25 • C) and 60 • C. The successful formation of silver nanoparticles has been confirmed by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDAX, FESEM and TEM analysis and their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) has been studied. The results suggest that the synthesized AgNPs act as an effective antibacterial agent.
Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
Wide application of nanoparticles motivates the need for synthesising them. Here, a nontoxic, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method has been established for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of lemon peel (Citrus limon), green orange peel (Citrus sinensis), and orange peel (Citrus tangerina). The synthesised nanoparticles have been characterised using UV-visible absorptionspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-visible absorption spectrum of these synthesised silver nanoparticles shows an absorption peak at around 440 nm. TEM images show different shaped particles with various sizes. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was appraised by a well-diffusion method and it was observed that the green synthesised silver nanoparticles have an effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The outcome of this study could be beneficial for nan...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2015
Objective: Novelty and size specificity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) containing products gained popularity in today’s world. The present investigation involves the biosynthesis of AgNPs from Ag nitrate using the peel extract of Citrus sinesis, is facile, worthwhile and promising approach toward environment protection. Methods: The analytical techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscope (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, were used to characterize synthesized nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized nanoparticle has also been examined on selected microbes. Results: A UV-Vis spectrum shows peak absorption at 425 and 475 nm. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of protein as the stabilizing agent surrounding the AgNPs. The SEM and AFM results show average diameter of almost 80 nm, whereas DLS results show a...
Advances in Nanoparticles, 2024
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of orange and lemon peels, as a reducing agent, and silver nitrate salts as a source of silver ions is a promising field of research due to the versatility of biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles. In this paper, AgNPs were synthetized at different reaction parameters such as the type and concentration of the extracts, metal salt concentration, temperature, speed stirring, and pH. The antibacterial properties of the obtained silver nanoparticles against E. coli, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, were investigated. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of AgNPs. In addition to green biogenic synthesis, chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles was also carried out. The optimal temperature for extraction was 65˚C, while for the synthesis of AgNPs was 35˚C. The synthesis is carried out in an acidic environment (pH = 4.7 orange and pH = 3.8 lemon), neutral (pH = 7) and alkaline (pH = 10), then for different concentrations of silver nitrate solution (0.5 mM-1 mM), optimal time duration of the reaction was 60 min and optimal stirring speed rotation was 250 rpm on the magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (conductivity, density and refractive index) were also studied, and the passage of laser light through the obtained solution and distilled water was compared. Positive inhibitory effect on the growth of new Escherichia coli colonies have shown AgNPs synthesized at a basic pH value and at a 0.1 mM AgNO 3 using orange or lemon peel extract, while for a 0.5 mM AgNO 3 How to cite this paper: Bratovcic, A. and Dautovic, A. (2024) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Orange and Lemon Peel Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Properties. Advances in Nanoparticles, 13, 11-28.
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have attracted huge importance due to their distinctive chemical, biological and physical properties. Silver nanoparticles are widely synthesized by the chemical method, which involves the use of toxic chemicals which affects its applications. The bio-reduction method, in comparison with chemical method is more economic and eco-friendly. In the present work, the bio-based production of Ag-NPs was done by using peel extract of orange (citrus sinensis), which played a role of reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was optimized by one factor at a time (OFAT) with respect to peel extract concentration, silver nitrate concentration and reaction temperature. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Disk diffusion method was used for the study of antibacterial activ...
2021
A cost-effective and green technique was performed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from a plant resource using Citrus maxima peel (CMP) extract as a reducing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis Spectroscopy at the wavelength range of 400−500 nm. The optimized conditions for the AgNPs synthesis using CMP extract as a reducing agent were determined. At these conditions, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results revealed the face-centered cubic structure of AgNPs had a highly crystalline with the particle size in a range of 10−20 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated the presence of flavonoid, terpenoid, phenolic, and glycosides in phytochemical compositions of CMP extract which can act as the reducing agents for AgNPs formation. The antibacterial effect of the AgNPs was evaluated against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by implementing the min...
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020
Process byproducts of the fruit industry may represent an inexpensive and reliable source of green reducing and capping agents to be applied in current bio-nano synthesis. This study reports a novel method of one pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the Citrus limetta peel extract (CPE). UV-vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies confirmed synthesis of AgNPs of average size 18 nm, which were stable up to 120 days. FTIR study suggested that alcoholic groups of CPE mainly responsible for the stabilization of AgNPs. Theoretical simulation using Density Functional Theory (DFT) indicated that among different alcoholic compounds of CPE, 3-allyl-6-methoxy phenol showed the highest interaction energy (128.49 KJ/mole) with AgNPs, and is mainly responsible for stabilization of the latter. The synthesized AgNPs have both antibacterial (Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and antifungal (candida species) activities with potent anti-biofilm and cell membrane permeabilization ability. These nanoparticles have superior antimicrobial potency than earlier reports specially against topical pathogens. Therefore, these AgNPs can be an effective alternative in pharmaceutical industries against topical pathogens.
Military Medical Science Letters, 2022
The majority of nanomaterials have unique properties that make them helpful in a variety of biotechnology applications. The study assesses the phytochemical, antioxidant (using a DPPH radical scavenging assay) and antimicrobial activities and identifies minimum inhibitor concentrations of Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus Limonum (lemon), and Citrus reticulata (tangerine) extracts and their silver nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the produced AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs have a size of less than 100 nm according to SEM examination. Their DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power increased in a dose-dependent way that was more than that of their aqueous and alcoholic extracts. In comparison to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, silver nanoparticles were found to be more efficient towards Escherichia coli. Their activities were increased with increasing dosage. Whereas, no inhibition zones were conducted with the examined plain citrus peel extracts. This finding revealed that the biomolecules that cover nanoparticles can increase metal nanoparticles' biological activity and the organic AgNPs green alcoholic and aqueous extracts from orange, lemon, and tangerine peels could be used as a potential source of new antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.